Cui, Kaiyuan, Noor, Hafeez, Noor, Fida, Ding, Pengcheng, Sun, Min, and Gao, Zhiqiang
Quinoa grains are nutritionally rich and balanced, rich in protein, starch, VB1, folic acid, minerals (Ca, Zn, Fe) and other nutrients and grow at high altitude (> 3500 m above sea level) all year round; it is subjected to drought, low temperature, salt and other abiotic stresses during its growth and development; basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family is the second largest gene family in plants and is involved in many biological processes such as plant growth, development, metabolism and resistance to abiotic stress. In bioinformatics and expression analysis of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene in quinoa in this study, 114 CqGSTgenes were identified from the whole genome of quinoa by bioinformatics methods. The phylogenetic tree showed that 114 CqGSTgenes were divided into seven subgroups. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes suggested that tandem and fragment replication events played a key role in the expansion of the CqGSTsgene family, and the CqGSTgenes may have undergone strong purification selection during the evolution process. Analysis of salt-treated transcriptome from the roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive quinoa cultivars showed that salt treatment induced changes in the expression levels of CqGSTsgenes. By comparing the sequences of the bHLHgene family members of Arabidopsis thaliana and the bHLHtranscription factor family members Quinoa most of the bHLHtranscription factors of quinoa have high homology with that of Arabidopsis thaliana. The number of exons contained in CqGSTgene ranged from 1 to 14, among which CqGSTL2contained 14 exons, indicating that CqGSTL2contained 14 exons, the gene with the highest number of exons, respectively. The number of exons in six CqGSTZmembers was significantly different, including three members have two exons and three have nine exons. Studies on chromosome distribution are that except for no CqGSTgene on chromosome 09, all the other chromosomes were identical; there was CqGSTgene distribution, and chromosome 07 contains 20 CqGSTgenes, which was one of CqGSTgene distribution. CqGSTL1and CqGSTU1cannot locate specific chromosomes due to the quality of the genome. In order to explore the expression pattern of GST gene, different tissues or RNA-seq data of Quinoa from various developmental stages of organs were systematically analyzed. In class U, CqGSTU22, CqGSTU67, CqGSTU43,CqGSTU42, CqGSTU15, in class L, CqGSTL1and CqGSTL5, in class Z, CqGSTZ5, DHAR class CqDHAR2and CqDHAR3were strongly expressed in various varieties tissues and organs. The CqGST, U66, CqGSTF20and CqGSTF23were not expressed in the 11 tissues or organs tested. Related to the temporal and spatial expression patterns of these genes, there were multiple genes in each type in the seedlings medium and high expression such as CqGSTL4, CqGSTL6, respectively.