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The aim of this contribution is to present a corpus of data for the study of the current Spanish of Equatorial Guinea that was collected during a research stay on the island of Bioko and the mainland region of Rio Muni in February and March 2022. This corpus contains oral and written data from men and women who belong to different ethnic and age groups, live in different parts of the country, and have varying levels of education. After providing an overview of the geography, ethnic composition, history and sociolinguistic landscape of Equatorial Guinea, the article delves into the data collection process and the analysis tools used. It then describes the properties of the sample, the programs used in the data analysis, as well as the planned studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research we studied the most frequently used reformulation markers in the PRESEEA corpus of the city of Seville: explanatory o sea, recapitulative bueno, rectifying bueno, recapitulative en fin, recapitulative o sea and explanatory es decir. Specifically, we focused on pointing out the main discursive values found in the sample and their diastratic distribution. After the analysis we could verify that these reformulators acquired different roles, such as: to specify a previous information by adding data or examples (explanatory function); to express a synthesis or conclusion, sometimes with modal nuances (recapitulatory function); or to totally or partially correct what was previously said (rectificatory function). In addition, the correlation with social variables revealed some interesting trends, such as the more widespread use among women of bueno, both recapitulative and rectifying; the greater presence of explanatory o sea in the first age groups and of the recapitulative bueno among the youngest subjects; and the concentration of most uses of es decir and en fin for these two functions among older speakers and those with more educational attainment level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research we present a sociolinguistic study on the variation of the/s/in implosive position in the Spanish spoken in the city of Seville. For this purpose, the work is based on PRESEEA materials from the high educational level of Seville's citizens, which in made of semi-structured surveys recollected between 2012 and 2014. The results have been obtained through a quantitative study of the data and after a application of stadistic correlations and logistic regression analyses in order to observe the influence of the independent variables in the pronunciation of the/s/implosive consonant when all the factors act simultaneously. The aim of this paper is to analyze what linguistic and social factors influence the production of the different articulatory variants of the phoneme/s/(sibilance, aspiration, elisión, assimilation and aspiration with assimilation). The results show that the aspirated allophone [h] is the most frequent variant, reaching the highest percentages, followed by the elision, which contrasts with the results obtained in others linguistic communities of Andalusia (e.g.: Málaga, Jaén, Granada) where it is observed that the most used variant is the elision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a reflection on the theoretical and empirical relevance of approaching the study of historical linguistic change study considering marginalia, that is, phenomena that are typologically unexceptional, but which have been ignored in linguistic research. The objective is to draw attention to the tunnel vision that linguistic theories usually entail for those who work within them, since the paradigms themselves and the study methods that are developed within such theories lead to ignoring certain linguistic phenomena relevant to the study of languages which are relegated to the margins of linguistic description. In order to prove the relevance of these marginalia, we will point out the importance they have had for the advancement of linguistic theories in the last two hundred years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of studies regarding coda /s/ in Chilean Spanish have asserted that the [h] allophone is the most frequently used, in addition to being the allophone that carries the most social prestige. On the basis of acoustic analysis in Praat of 90 sociolinguistic interviews (30 from Concepción, 60 from Santiago), our statistical analysis demonstrated that not only is [Ø] the most frequently used allophone of coda /s/ (among all speakers, regardless of age), and we also found a diatopic uniformity between the cities of Concepción and Santiago. Taken together, these findings indicate that [Ø] has been the most frequently used allophone in these cities for some time. Additionally, we present evidence for some patterns that suggest a possible change in progress led by younger speakers who favor the use of a shortened allophone of [s] particularly before /t̪/. Our results suggest that future studies should rely on acoustic analysis of a more representative socioeconomic sample in order to account for the range of phonetic variation present in Chilean Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Es decir is, for many linguists, one of the markers that best reflect the paraphrastic reformulation in the discourse, that is, the presentation of elements equivalent to other statements previously issued but that the speaker reformulates because he believes that they may not have been left completely clear. To know the pragmatic functioning of this particle in orality, we have analyzed its frequency of use in the Spanish of Granada, within the framework of the PRESEEA corpus, and we have studied what contextual senses it takes and how it behaves according to the social variables of the Sample speakers. The results have shown that its use ranges from total paraphrase to recapitulation and correction, and that it is high-level speakers who prefer this way to understand it more formal and cultured, as well as its use predominates in men and women. second generation, being this group the one immersed in the labor market and the one that must ensure its good presence before the others, so that more colloquial or stigmatized forms are abandoned, as vamos or o sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this document I present an overview of the sociolinguistics around its foundation. Specifically, I study the social conditions of sociolinguistic knowledge production, that is, the social condition of possibility through which a set of studies dedicated to discursive interaction emerges. Thus, I inquire into the interest in the social variables involved in the specific use of certain linguistic elements and in interpersonal and intergroup communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report the analysis of reconstructed dialogues (DREC) in a sample of the socially-stratified corpus PRESEEACaracas (Bentivoglio & Malaver 2006, 2012; Gallucci, González & Malaver 2013). In this first approach to the use of DREC as a polyphonic instance in Spanish spoken in Caracas, we identified several features in these dialogues: types of quotes, introductory framework, turn-taking configuration, and type of narrator. Moreover, we also examined the potential relationship between DRECs and social variables (i.e., gender, age and level of instruction). Results show i) that DRECs are usually constituted by cases of direct speech without a verb or freestanding quotations (Cameron 1998); ii) that the introductory frame of DRECs tends to be an instance of direct speech headed by a communication verb, iii) that the sequences of the dialogues are organized in pairs of question/answer or assertion /response; iv) that the narrator animates two voices, including their own. Regarding extralinguistic variables, we found that the use of DRECs in our sample was associated with the gender of the speakers and their level of instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the linguistic attitudes of 89 speakers of Rioplatense Spanish towards both current Spanish varieties and their own. From a methodological point of view, the study is inserted within the framework of a larger project named Project for the study of beliefs and attitudes towards current Spanish varieties (PRECAVES XXI). Among the results obtained, it highlights the fact that the Rioplatense informants perceive their variety as positive but not consistently. Likewise, positive attitudes towards other varieties prevail, with the exception of Castilian variety, which regularly obtains the lowest evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely accepted that in oral exchanges with, for example, family members, friends, and co-workers, speakers of Chilean Spanish alternate between verbal tuteo and verbal voseo. In this paper, drawing on a corpus of conversational interactions between relatives and friends from Santiago, I examine the relative frequency with which these speakers use verbal voseo in relation to verbal tuteo, and I explore the social and linguistic factors that determine the variation, paying particular attention to the parameters that affect the use of verbal voseo. In addition, I compare the distributions observed here with those observed in previous studies that base their analyses on corpora that contain less natural communicative contexts. The results indicate that, in spontaneous conversational interactions, the speakers use verbal voseo with a frequency much greater than the frequency with which they use verbal tuteo as well as the frequencies observed in previous studies. This, and the fact that verbal voseo is conditioned by an interaction between the gender and the age of the speakers, as well as by the specificity of their interlocutors, shows that speakers of Chilean Spanish born in Santiago assign covert prestige to verbal voseo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una aproximación variacionista a un tipo específico de marcador del discurso en el español hablado en Santiago de Chile: los marcadores interrogativos de control de contacto. Para tal propósito, se identificaron las partículas que cumplían la mencionada función en una muestra de 54 entrevistas que conforman el Corpus Sociolingüístico de PRESEEA en Santiago de Chile. Por un lado, se analiza el comportamiento de este tipo de marcadores en la variedad antes indicada y, por otro, se establece la distribución de su empleo en una muestra socialmente estratificada de hablantes santiaguinos. Para el estudio de dichas partículas se aplicaron el concepto y la clasificación de los marcadores del discurso de Briz (2001), Martín zorraquino y Portolés (1999) y Portolés (2001), así como las sugerencias de Cortés (1988) para su análisis cuantitativo. En el análisis se consideró la función "marcador interrogativo de control de contacto" como un caso de variable sociolingüística con uno o más valores o variantes (marcadores). Consecuentemente, se correlacionaron los factores sociodemográficos de los sujetos con el empleo de dichos marcadores. De este modo, basándonos en la conmutabilidad funcional -pragmática y discursiva-de los marcadores relevados se procedió a su análisis cuantitativo, según las variables: edad, sexo-género y nivel educacional de los sujetos entrevistados.The aim of this paper is to approach from a variationist point of view a specific type of discursive markers in spoken Spanish in Santiago de Chile: interrogative markers of contact control. For this purpose, we identified the particles that perform that function in a sample of 54 interviews that make up the PRESEEA Sociolinguistic Corpus in Santiago, Chile were. On the one hand, we analyzed the behavior of such markers in the variety of Chilean Spanish indicated above and, on the other hand, we established their distribution in a socially stratified sample of Santiago speakers. For the study of these particles, we applied Briz (2001), Martin zorraquino and Portolés (1999) and Portolés (2001) concepts and classifications of discourse markers, and the suggestions of Cortes (1988) for quantitative analysis. The analysis considered the «interrogative marker of contact control» as a sociolinguistic variable with one or more values or variants (markers). Consequently, socio-demographic factors were correlated with the subjects' use of such markers. Thus, based on the functional-pragmatic commutability of the discourse markers found in the interviews we carried out a quantitative analysis according to the variables age, sex, gender and educational level of the interviewees.

En este trabajo se realiza un análisis cuantitativo sobre la variación morfosintáctica de las formas sintéticas (presente simple) y analíticas (presente progresivo) en contextos cuyo significado alude al tiempo presente progresivo en el español monolingüe y bilingüe. Se emplea una encuesta contextualizada, previamente codificada según el aspecto léxico-semántico del verbo y el valor semántico de los adverbios de tiempo, con el objetivo de evidenciar los contextos en los que hay variación de dichas formas. Además de los factores lingüísticos, se incluyen los factores extralingüísticos de género y bilingüismo en el análisis. Los resultados señalan que tanto el aspecto léxico-semántico del verbo como el valor semántico del adverbio son factores significativos en la predicción de ambas formas. De igual manera, el factor extralingüístico que considera el nivel de bilingüismo de los participantes tiene un efecto significativo. El estudio contribuye metodológicamente a la investigación de la variación de las formas analíticas y sintéticas, dado que el instrumento empleado en la presente monografía controla las variables lingüísticas y obtiene el mismo número de respuestas por persona, permitiendo una evaluación de los participantes en contextos idénticos. Por último, el estudio aporta a la literatura previa sobre el tema al proveer evidencia de que las formas sintéticas y analíticas aparecen en alternancia en un número de contextos mayor que los previamente identificados en otros estudios, lo cual permite definir debidamente el ámbito de la variación.In this study we present a quantitative analysis of the morphosyntactic variation of the analytic (present progressive) and synthetic (simple present) forms of present progressive aspect in monolingual and bilingual Spanish. By way of a contextualized questionnaire previously coded for the linguistic factors of verbal lexical aspect and semantics of the adverb, we identify the contexts of variation of the forms under investigation. In addition, the analysis includes the extralinguistic factors of gender and bilingualism. The results indicate that lexical aspect of the verb, as well as the semantic value of the adverb, are significant factors in the prediction of both forms. Similarly, the factor regarding participant level of bilingualism has a significant effect. We contribute methodologically to the study of the variation of the analytic and synthetic forms of Spanish present progressive aspect given that the instrument employed in the current study controls the linguistic variables and obtains the same number of responses per person, allowing for a comparable evaluation of participants in similar contexts. Finally, we add to the previous literature on this topic by providing evidence that the synthetic and analytic forms appear in variation in a larger number of contexts than previously recognized, allowing for an accurate definition of the variable context.

The phonemes /s/ and /θ/ at the beginning of syllable position present a wide diversity of performances in the Spanish spoken in Andalusia. Sociolinguistic researches conducted so far on urban areas show that such distribution is conditioned by the social characteristics of speakers: age, sex and socio-cultural level. With respect to Seville city, previous studies on recordings of the seventies showed a tendency to follow the local prestige seseante model in coexistence with distinction s/θ, this one less representative. The analysis developed here is based on PRESEEA materials from Sevillian high sociolect, including recent recordings of semi-structured surveys recollected between 2009 and 2015. The results achieved reveal the progress of etymological solution, mainly in the first generation and females, at the expense of vernacular variant seseante. Rates of hesitation between the two pronunciations in one speaker were mainly found in the third generation. It is also studied three factors that may have influenced the choice of one or another: the immediate context in which the phonemes appear (single or double), the repetition of the same word and their occurrence inside proper nouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies about "discourse markers" have coincided in stressing their importance to the production and comprehension of discourse, both oral and written, in different languages. Despite their importance, one of the less investigated dimensions in the Spanish language is the social and dialectal variation in the use of the aforementioned particles. Thus, the majority of the approaches to the discursive functions of the markers have a tendency to be based on peninsular Spanish and on reconstructed examples or on written language. In this study, the pragmatic functioning and sociolinguistic stratification of two markers used in the Spanish spoken in Santiago, Chile are analyzed: por ser and onda. The objectives of this article are to identify the functions said discourse markers fulfill and to correlate their use frequency with the sex, age, and level of education sociodemographic variables. For this purpose, the behavior of these particles in the interviews that make up the sociolinguistic corpus of the PRESEEA of Santiago will be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a descriptive analysis of the use of the subjunctive and the uses of the indicative that experience variation with the subjunctive in the spoken speech of Medellín, Colombia. This research evaluates 638 cases of subjunctive and 219 cases of indicative that originate from 18 informants from the Preseea- Medellín Corpus and analyzes them using sociolinguistic (external) variables and 14 linguistic (internal) variables. The research found that of the sociolinguistic variables studied (level of education, gender and generation), age is the only factor that experienced significant differences as almost 50% of subjunctive productions were enunciated by the youngest generation. Of the linguistic variables, it can be concluded that in general, in the speech spoken in Medellín, the use of the subjunctive almost always corresponds to a standard use as non-standard uses of the subjunctive only represent .93% (8 cases) of all cases studied. Overall, it can be affirmed that the factors that most determine the characteristics of the use of the subjunctive in the speech spoken in Medellín are more linguistic (internal) in nature than social (extra-linguistic), and that this speech community may be characterized as having a standard (conservative) use of the subjunctive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative sociolinguistic analysis of intervocalic obstruent consonant /d/ variation in urban Granada and Malaga (Spain). To do so, two perfectly comparable spoken corpuses gathered in the frame of the PrESEEa-Project were used. Given that /d/ deletion is quite frequent in southern varieties of Castilian Spanish, our analysis zoomed in on consonant deletion vs. maintenance regardless of the differences of intensity or tension perceptible in maintained consonantal variants. Prior to the comparative analysis itself, an exhaustive bivariate analysis was performed considering both linguistic and speaker (stylistic and social) variables, as well as their respective interaction. Therefore, we carried out two multivariate comparative analyses, the first one involving separate parallel analyses of data from both corpuses and the second one being an integrated analysis of the whole data. Results were amazingly similar for both towns and tend to confirm those obtained for other areas both in Spain and America, basically regarding the fundamental weight of internal factors on /d/ variation (i.e. consonant maintenance in word-roots vs. deletion in morphemes). However, they contradict most of previous results with regard to the effect of the speaker variables (i.e. younger speakers' leadership on /d/ deletion). Finally, conflict sites reveal sharper social stratification and age differences in Malaga than in Granada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research the intervocalic /d/ is studied in the linguistic community of Caracas as part of the project PRESEEA (Project for the Socio-linguistic Study Spanish in Spain and America). This is a sociolinguistic research which analyses the linguistic and extralinguistic factors influencing the weakening and elision of the /d/ internal position word in the corpus PRESEEA Caracas 2004-2010. For the acoustic analysis of 3648 cases, it was used Praat (Boersma and Weenink 2009), and GoldVarb X (Sankoff et al 2005) for the regression analysis. The results shows 58% of elision in the Caracas community. In as for the linguistic variables that influence should be highlighted the vocalic environment variables and the lexical diffusion. The social variables show little impact on the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the singular or plural agreement between Spanish verb haber with existential meaning and its plural argument, in 108 interviews collected in Mexico City as a part of a sociolinguistic corpus structured by age, gender and educational level. All relevant data (633) are considered. For the analysis, the proposed methodology in the "Project for the sociolinguistic study of Spanish from Spain and from America (PrESEEa)" is followed, using a wide range of linguistic and social variables. The results are subjected to rigorous statistical analysis and compared with those obtained in other studies. The singular/plural alternative has received considerable attention in the field of study of linguistic variation in Spanish. Mexico City Spanish is grouped with other conservative areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades the study of taboos in language has made considerable, though not yet sufficient, progress, particularly in disciplines such as sociolinguistics and pragmatics that concern themselves with the spoken word. This has led to a broadening of the object of study and to the emergence of interdisciplinary approaches. One of the more neglected aspects of the linguistic expression of taboo concepts, behaviour and realities is variation as the result of social factors. For that reason, and with a view to deepening our understanding of its discursive functions and of the repercussion on its use of certain social factors (sex, age, educational level and social class), we are carrying out research into taboos in language in the spoken language of Madrid, as part of the proyect: "Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y América (PRESEEA)". Our approach to the subject is twofold, considering on the one hand what happens in semi-formal oral discourse and, on the other, speakers' perceptions of the use made of taboo expressions. This article presents the results of the first part of our research and the conclusions we have reached regarding sociolinguistic patterns in the expression of taboos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article shows a dialectal division of American Spanish according to the opinion of its speakers, within a Perceptual Dialectology approach. Data was gathered through a series of interviews where speakers mentioned linguistic similitudes and differences between them and speakers of other countries. These speakers' perceptions and opinions were evaluated and cross-linked. Besides, their opinions were represented in perceptual or mental maps. Finally, the results were compared within the different countries in the survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to extend our approach, in San Martín (2004-2005), to a specific type of discourse marker in spoken Spanish in Santiago de Chile from variationist point of view: the reformulation of detachment markers. For this purpose, the particles that met the above function in a sample of 54 interviews that make up the Sociolinguistic Corpus of PRESEEA in Santiago, Chile were identified. On the one hand, we analyze the behavior of such markers in the range indicated above and, on the other hand, we provide the distribution of employment in a socially stratified sample of Santiago's speakers. For the study of these particles, the Martin zorraquino & Portolés (1999) and Portolés (2001) concept and classification of discourse markers, and the suggestions of Cortes (1988) and Carbonero & Santana (2010) for his social quantitative analysis, is applied. The analysis considered the "reformulation of detachment" as a sociolinguistic variable with the following values or variants (markers): igual, de todas maneras, en todo caso y de todas formas. Consequently, socio-demographic factors were correlated with subjects' use of such markers. Thus, based on the functional-pragmatic commutability of discourse markers registered it preceded its quantitative analysis according to the variables: age, sex-gender and educational level of the interviewees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to approach from a variationist point of view a specific type of discursive markers in spoken Spanish in Santiago de Chile: interrogative markers of contact control. For this purpose, we identified the particles that perform that function in a sample of 54 interviews that make up the PRESEEA Sociolinguistic Corpus in Santiago, Chile were. On the one hand, we analyzed the behavior of such markers in the variety of Chilean Spanish indicated above and, on the other hand, we established their distribution in a socially stratified sample of Santiago speakers. For the study of these particles, we applied Briz (2001), Martin Zorraquino and Portolés (1999) and Portolés (2001) concepts and classifications of discourse markers, and the suggestions of Cortes (1988) for quantitative analysis. The analysis considered the «interrogative marker of contact control» as a sociolinguistic variable with one or more values or variants (markers). Consequently, socio-demographic factors were correlated with the subjects' use of such markers. Thus, based on the functional-pragmatic commutability of the discourse markers found in the interviews we carried out a quantitative analysis according to the variables age, sex, gender and educational level of the interviewees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we present a quantitative analysis of the morphosyntactic variation of the analytic (present progressive) and synthetic (simple present) forms of present progressive aspect in monolingual and bilingual Spanish. By way of a contextualized questionnaire previously coded for the linguistic factors of verbal lexical aspect and semantics of the adverb, we identify the contexts of variation of the forms under investigation. In addition, the analysis includes the extralinguistic factors of gender and bilingualism. The results indicate that lexical aspect of the verb, as well as the semantic value of the adverb, are significant factors in the prediction of both forms. Similarly, the factor regarding participant level of bilingualism has a significant effect. We contribute methodologically to the study of the variation of the analytic and synthetic forms of Spanish present progressive aspect given that the instrument employed in the current study controls the linguistic variables and obtains the same number of responses per person, allowing for a comparable evaluation of participants in similar contexts. Finally, we add to the previous literature on this topic by providing evidence that the synthetic and analytic forms appear in variation in a larger number of contexts than previously recognized, allowing for an accurate definition of the variable context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with a critical overview of sociolinguistic variable sex or gender. To begin the discussion, the conceptual bases of both terms are analyzed as well as its relation to other social categories. The classic view of this variable as a dichotomy of the opposite concepts of dominance and difference is revised in order to show the highly impressionistic tenants of this approach, which has barely contributed to shed light on the real influence of this variable in sociolinguistic behavior. Empirically, the sex or gender variable may profitably be studied within the frame of a couple of analytical concepts from recent theoretical development in sociolinguistics and anthropology, namely, the notions of interaction and community of practice, which can give a more adequate account of how this variable may act as a relevant determinant in sociolinguistic behavior [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]