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This article discusses the development of the notion of archaeological heritage in nineteenth-century Peru, within the historical and socio-political processes that led to its rise as a modern nation-State. Unlike the many studies locating the origins of the basic principles and praxis of heritage in the early twentieth-century’s intersection of Peruvian archaeology and nationalism, this study argues instead that this period marked a major landmark in the course of several processes that had begun in the nineteenth-century. Throughout the early years of the republic, heritage, here conceived as a social cons.truct and as a process, underwent a formative century from three different perspectives: nationalism, the modern scientific outlook, and the role of tutelary institutions. This study concludes identifying two major foundational moments of archaeological heritage in contexts of nationalist enthusiasm stirred by political and intellectual elites: the rise of the Peruvian State (1821-1824) and the aftermath of the War of the Pacific (1879-1884). The paper likewise acknowledges that the origins of heritage and its political nature cannot be understood outside processes closely connected with modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been made of agriculture, especially maize, as a motor for the spread of languages in the New World. Yet, within South America, this predominantly coastal and agro-centric approach risks neglecting another important Andean social and economic package: that of camelid agropastoralism. In this paper I suggest that Andean language spread, particularly in the highlands, cannot be fully explained without properly considering the role pastoralism might have played. Camelid pastoralism was a deep- time, highly specialized and successful adaptation that combined herding and guano production with the cultivation of high altitude crops such as kañiwa, quinoa, maca, oca, olluco and especially the potato. I posit that, through mechanisms such as trade, colonization and war, this suite of animals and cultigens permitted the expansion of particular Andean cultures and their languages across swathes of the highlands. hematically this paper focuses primarily on the emergence of complex agro-pastoralism dating from at least the Middle Horizon (AD 600-1000) through to the Late Horizon (AD 1480-1532) in the Central Andean highlands, especially the Áncash region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerrillos is an Early to Middle Paracas civic-ceremonial site located in the upper Ica Valley of Perú. The site is known for its finely plastered adobe architecture, beautifully decorated ceramics, and complex textiles, many of which are decorated with camelid hair. Cerrillos was located in a strategically important place where the mountains meet the coastal desert and the Ica River bends south, a likely intersection in a road system that connected Cerrillos to contemporary sites in the Paracas region and beyond. This paper focuses on several early textiles, ceramics, and other artifacts, including ceramic palettes used for gold working and wooden earspools, that suggest that Cerrillos was involved in a cultural phenomenon or interaction sphere that linked sites as far away was Chavín de Huántar through the interchange of goods, beliefs, and practices. The paper presents a complete description of the textiles excavated at Cerrillos between 1999 and 2002, focusing on two fabric fragments with images of the Staff Deity and one with an abstract Chavín-like design. The ceramics discussed in the text demonstrate the wide variety of styles found at Cerrillos, including some that resemble the Janabarriu of Chavín de Huántar and several others that are either not Paracas or an Early Paracas style that has never been previously described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the information gathered during the first season of the Kushipampa Archeological Project. By comparison with available data from coetaneal sites, this paper presents a preliminary identification of a new regional tradition emerging at the end of the Late Formative Period. This tradition was characterized by the use of a distinctive ceramic assemblage and architectural style at sites located mainly in the upper section of the Nepeña valley. After the decline of an economic system related to the Chavín cult, at 500 BC, a group of communities, including the one at Kushipampa, managed to create alternate exchange networks to replace the former system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I report on a study whose principal aim is to understand the development and decline of the southern Peruvian Nasca culture in the upper Río Grande de Nasca drainage, and its cultural and biological affinities to the preceding Paracas culture. Ancient DNA analyses were conducted on over 300 pre-Columbian individuals from various cemeteries in southern Perú, from periods ranging from the Formative Period to the Middle Horizon. Our results show that the Nasca populations are close related to those of the preceding Paracas culture, and combined with archaeological data, suggest that the Nasca culture was autochthonous to the Río Grande drainage. Furthermore, one can observe how changes in socioeconomic complexity influence the genetic diversity. The pre-Columbian coastal populations of southern Perú differ significantly from both ancient highland and all present-day Peruvian populations. The genetic differentiation between the main cultural areas of western South America seems to fade with the Middle Horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I examine the distribution and movement of population during the Middle Horizon, using archaeological data of the Cajamarca region. I present excavation data from the El Palacio site which was a Wari administrative center in the Cajamarca Valley. here we found exotic elements in the form of architecture, funerary chambers and polychrome ceramics, while evidence of cultural fusion was unclear. Although Cajamarca was under direct dominion of the Wari state, local material culture such as ceramics appear to have continued without great change. If any parallel relation between material culture and language can be assumed, it would be reasonable to think that, during Middle Horizon in Cajamarca, multiple languages co-existed or that people were bilingual both in the local language and the oicial language of the Wari state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines large-scale cultural developments in Perú's north central highlands during the 1st millennium AD, with an emphasis on their implications for ancient language use and spread. Áncash is of special interest because of its long history of research, central geographic position in northern Perú, diversity in archaeological cultures, and the presence of a series of languages, many now extinct. During the 1st millennium, cultural interaction between north highland groups and their neighbors was very prominent during the beginning and the end of the Early Intermediate Period. The end of the Middle Horizon also saw intensive interaction and cultural transformations. he paper ends with a trial, interdisciplinary study to examine the archaeological traces of the Culle language. It compares the distributions of material artifacts, architecture and toponyms of archaeological sites, and finds there is a reasonable, if imperfect, it between the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the general problem of the Formative Period and presents a proposal for subdivision based upon characterizations of material cultures and their distributions as interaction spheres and traditions. These reflect significant changes that may be related to changes in the mechanisms of language dispersal. It hypothesizes that a pre-protomochica was spoken in northern Perú; that multilingualism prevailed at the site of Chavín site; and that different languages existed in the north-central, central and south-central highlands, perhaps dominated by a pre-protoquechua. In other areas possible links between Formative Period styles and linguistics remain unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to construct a site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site which is a large ceremonial center of the Formative Period located in the Peruvian south-central highlands. For this purpose, 12 radiocarbon dates obtained from our excavations will be considered in combination with the data of both architectural and ceramic sequences of the site. Through the comprehensive interpretation of these data, we will present a new site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burial area BRiG 3117 (Coyungo) was investigated during the PABRiG (Proyecto Arqueológico Bajo Río Grande). It consists of four burial contexts with about 25 individuals (MNI) and a considerable amount of pottery, textiles and gourd fragments among others. One of the textiles is part of a famous piece housed at Dumbarton Oaks. It is the most significant and complex compound known from the south coast during Late Formative times despite its heavy previous looting. In this paper the material evidence is presented in a preliminary form and some concerning interpretations are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from the materials and archaeological contexts excavated at Hacha in the Acarí Valley, until now evidence for the Initial Period along the southern coast of Perú were limited to some isolated findings that lacked well-defined contexts, e.g. from sites like Erizo in the Ica Valley, Mastodonte in the pampa of Villacurí (Ica) and Disco Verde on the Paracas Peninsula. There were no reported findings from the Río Grande of Nasca region. Only very recently, with the development of the Nasca-Palpa Archaeological Project, were sites and evidence for the Initial Period in the Palpa Valleys encountered. These provide new insights into and new perspectives on the process of cultural development for this part of the south coast. In this paper we present and discuss the numerous finds and findings of the Initial Period that have been recovered in the excavations at Pernil Alto, which include architectural structures, ceramics and other associated materials. The analysis of these findings indicates that already in this moment in time the conditions for the stable and permanent development of the populations settling in the Río Grande drainage were given. Twenty radiocarbon dates confirm the chronological position of the contexts excavated in Pernil Alto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of archaeobotanical and malacological analyses of a midden dating to Ocucaje Phases 3 to 4 (c. 750 BC) in secure stratigraphic association beneath the contexts of an Early Nasca canal fragment in the Ullujaya Basin in the lower Ica Valley, on the south coast of Perú. Such preservation of early occupation contexts is otherwise rare within the landscape of the Lower Ica Valley, the topography of much of which is determined today by the long effects of wind erosion upon its once extant stratigraphy. These ancient rubbish remains contain no domesticated plant remains other than cotton, but only sea urchin debris and other marine and terrestrial mollusc resources gathered from the lomas and Pacific Ocean some 25 kilometres distant. They do contain some plant remains, including gathered wild foods such as huarango beans, and other plants typical of riparian woodland. We present these results in the context of other data from the Samaca and Ullujaya Basins, including the remains of middens from later time periods and a pollen sequence, to argue that, together, they show a steady intensification of agriculture in these basins during the subsequent Early Intermediate, but which culminates ultimately in a collapse of agricultural production here and a return to the gathering of wild marine and plant resources much later, during the Middle Horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavors to establish some basic points of reference to better understand the early culture-historical dynamics of the Casma Valley. The revised chronology presented here follows the ceramic sequence developed by Peter Fuchs (1990) on the basis of his Cerro Sechín stratigraphy, confirmed and amplified in its early sections by his recent excavations at Sechín Bajo. A systematic review of the different categories of archaeological data reveals many lacunae that still persist in our record. Monumental archi- architecture most clearly expresses the socio-cultural complexity of the ancient Casma Valley polities. It first appeared during the Sechín Period (3400-1650 cal BC) which is part of the Late Archaic (Preceramic), followed during the Early Formative by the Moxeke Period (1650-1400 cal BC) and the Haldas Period (1400-1000 cal BC) with their diagnostic ceramics. Within this timeframe, some hypotheses formulated by Shelia and Thomas Pozorski (2006) about the socio-political transactions between major Casma Valley sites are evaluated in the light of the archaeological evidence. The tradition of monumental adobe architecture that goes back to about 3400 cal. BC in the Casma Valley, reminds us of analogous developments in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the ancient Near East. There still remains the challenge to adapt Archaic Period terminology in the Andes to those new discoveries (Kaulicke 1994, 2007: 17-18). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, faunal data from two Formative sites, Kuntur Wasi and Pacopampa, are compared. At both sites, the composition ratio of the camelids to deer increased in the late Formative Period. This change of taxonomic composition in the bone sample is interpreted as the subsistence shift from deer hunting to camelid herding. By integrating the faunal data from these sites, it can be suggested that the timing of camelid introduction to the sites corresponds with an overall change of the social framework, which is the shift from a regional society to more widespread network of societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of archaeological research in the Huancabamba Valley and excavations at the site of Ingatambo in the same valley, northern Perú. Although archaeological work in this extreme northern region of Perú, near the Ecuadorian border, are very infrequent, the area and its topographic setting, and especially the site of Ingatambo, are important for clarifying the cultural interrelationships between northern Perú and southern Ecuador. For such a reason, synthesizing data, provided by our project and the studies of the surrounding areas, this article presents a description of the cultural contact in this region through analysis of architectural sequences and the established chronology for the purpose of contributing to a better understanding of the dynamics of these interrelationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution treats some of the basic problems related to the origins of social complexity in ancient Perú and to such crucial definitions as domestication and sedentism. The necessity of including the concept of simplicity in discussions of complexity is stressed, as well as that of discerning the relevance and interrelation between simple and complex institutions. Further, the corresponding chronology of Perú also is in need of standardization and more precise definitions. Lastly, the papers included in this volume are discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]