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Introduction: Zero-dose children refer to a child who has not yet received any childhood vaccines. Globally, zero-dose children are the major public health problem. In sub-Saharan African countries, one among five children do not have access to vaccines. But the efforts to identify the factors contributing to the zero-dose children are not well addressed in Ethiopia., Objectives: To assess individual and community-level maternal factors of zero-dose children in Ethiopia using mini-Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey 2019., Methods: A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study was used among a total of 3208 participants. STATA-14 was used for descriptive and multilevel binary logistic regression (mixed effects model) analysis. Model selection was conducted using Akaike information criteria. To identify significant factors for zero-dose children, a p value of <0.05 with 95% CI was used., Results: The prevalence of zero-dose children among children aged 12-35 months was 523 (16.3%, 95% CI 15% to 17.6%). Women with no antenatal care follow-up (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.55, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.35), uneducated women (AOR=1.47, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.95), women who gave birth at home (AOR=1.39, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.86), women who had poor wealth index (AOR=2.15, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.85) and women from low proportions of community media exposure (AOR=1.39, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.71) were the risk factors for zero-dose children in Ethiopia., Conclusion: Compared with previous studies, the prevalence of zero-dose children was low in Ethiopia. Variables like urban residence, no education, home delivery, poor wealth index, no antenatal care(ANC) visit and women from low proportions of community media exposure were the risk factors for zero-dose children in Ethiopia. Therefore, expanding maternal health services and media access for women is highly recommended to reduce zero-dose children mortality., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Background: Anaemia is one of the most common problems in HIV-infected patients associated with increased HIV progression, decreased functional capacity, survival and quality of life. For better interventions, up-to-date information concerning anaemia among HIV-infected children less than 5 years of age on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is vital. Thus, this study aims to determine the predictors of anaemia among HIV-infected children less than 5 years of age receiving ART in North-West Ethiopia., Design: An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted., Study Setting: Amhara region Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, North-West Ethiopia., Participants: In total, we examined 460 HIV-infected children less than 5 years of age who had followed highly active antiretroviral treatment from 2010 to 2020., Outcome Measures: The outcome measures were median time to detection of anaemia, the incidence and the effects of cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT), ART adherence, tuberculosis (TB), WHO clinical stage and wasting on anaemia., Results: The overall follow-up time was 9234 person-months of observation. The incidence density of anaemia was 8.34 per 1000 person-months of observation (95% CI 6.67 to 10.43). The cumulative survival probability of children after the last months of follow-up was 0.54. The independent predictors of anaemia were not receiving CPT (adjusted HR (AHR)=4.44; 95% CI 2.48 to 7.93), poor adherence to ART (AHR=2.46; 95% CI 1.37 to 4.42), TB (AHR=3.40; 95% CI 1.72 to 6.72), severe WHO clinical stage (AHR=3.03; 95% CI 1.40 to 6.58) and severe wasting (AHR=1.98; 95% CI 1.08 to 3.64)., Conclusion and Recommendation: The incidence rate of anaemia was high and it was provoked by predictors like CPT, ART adherence, TB, WHO clinical stage and wasting. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasise for these predictors., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Introduction: The polio vaccine is the live-attenuated antigen that prevents poliomyelitis. According to a report by the WHO, about 1 million less than 5-year-old children missed the polio vaccination from 2018 to 2021. Even though Ethiopia is the most prioritised country for polio eradication, there is not enough evidence about the combined oral and inactivated vaccine in Ethiopia., Objective: To assess the non-uptake of the dual protective polio vaccine and its determinants among children in Ethiopia using the Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2019., Methods: The secondary data analysis of a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using EDHS 2019 data among 3094 participants. Mixed-effects binary logistic regression was used for descriptive analysis and identifying the predictors using a p value of <0.05. Intraclass correlation was used to assess the clustering effect., Results: The prevalence of non-uptake of the dual protective polio vaccine in Ethiopia was 44% (95% CI 42.2% to 45.8%). Predictors like women with low proportions of community media exposure (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.3, 95% CI 1.8 to 2.8) and no history of antenatal care visits (AOR=2.3, 95% CI 3.89 to 6.35) were significantly associated with non-uptake of the dual protective polio vaccine., Conclusion: The burden of non-uptake of the dual protective polio vaccine in Ethiopia was still high. Low community media exposure and no antenatal care utilisation were the predictors of non-uptake of the dual protective polio vaccine. We recommend improving media access and antenatal care services to expand polio vaccination., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Introduction: Inadequate counselling of pregnant women regarding pregnancy danger signs contributes to a delay in deciding to seek care, which causes up to 77% of all maternal deaths in developing countries. However, its spatial variation and region-specific predictors have not been studied in Ethiopia. Hence, the current study aimed to model its predictors using geographically weighted regression analysis., Methods: The 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey data were used. A total weighted sample of 2922 women from 283 clusters was included in the final analysis. The analysis was performed using ArcGIS Pro, STATA V.14.2 and SaTScan V.10.1 software. The spatial variation of inadequate counselling was examined using hotspot analysis. Ordinary least squares regression was used to identify factors for geographical variations. Geographically weighted regression was used to explore the spatial heterogeneity of selected variables to predict inadequate counselling., Results: Significant hotspots of inadequate counselling regarding pregnancy danger signs were found in Gambella region, the border between Amhara and Afar regions, Somali region and parts of Oromia region. Antenatal care provided by health extension workers, late first antenatal care initiation and antenatal care follow-up at health centres were spatially varying predictors. The geographically weighted regression model explained about 66% of the variation in the model., Conclusion: Inadequate counselling service regarding pregnancy danger signs in Ethiopia varies across regions and there exists within country inequality in the service provision and utilisation. Prioritisation and extra efforts should be made by concerned actors for those underprivileged areas and communities (as shown in the maps), and health extension workers, as they are found in the study., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)