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Objectives Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to assess the relationship of dietary antioxidant vitamins intake with tHcy levels in middle-aged and older adults with hypertension.Design A cross-sectional study.Setting The survey was conducted in the Nanshan district of Shenzhen.Participants A total of 1465 middle-aged and older adults with hypertension were included between July and September of 2013.Measurements Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) was defined as tHcy ≥15 µmol/L. Some dietary antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE), carotenes, retinol, lutein) intake was estimated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Sociodemographic and potential covariates were evaluated through questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and blood tests. The association between dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and tHcy concentration were evaluated by multiple linear regression analyses after napierian logarithm transformed. Multiple logistic regression models were further used to determine ORs and 95% CIs.Results The β (95% CIs) of VC intake and tHcy was −0.050 (−0.084 to –0.016). Compared with the lowest quartile in the fully adjusted model, the ORs (95% CIs) for HHcy levels across quartiles of dietary VC intake were 0.82 (0.57 to 1.16), 0.49 (0.33 to 0.74) and 0.40 (0.22 to 0.74) (p for trend=0.001). The β (95% CIs) of retinol intake and tHcy was −0.021 (−0.041 to –0.002) and the ORs (95% CIs) in the third quartile of retinol intake was 0.61 (0.42 to 0.86), while the effect for the highest quartile was not significant (p for trend=0.951). No significant association was observed between dietary VE, carotenes and lutein intake and HHcy.Conclusions A linear inverse association between dietary VC intake and HHcy prevalence, and an L-shaped association between dietary retinol intake and HHcy prevalence were found in Chinese middle-aged and older adults with hypertension.

Objective Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a notable risk factor of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, there are differences in the methods used to define MetS. The purpose of this study was to determine which MetS definition most fully reflects the 10-year probability of CHD based on the Framingham risk algorithm. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey and the Influencing Factors of Chronic Diseases Survey conducted among residents of Nanshan District in Shenzhen, China. Participants In total, 1721 participants aged 20-80 years were included in this study. Methods MetS was diagnosed according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel (revised NCEP-ATP III), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS). The NCEP-ATP III algorithm was used to calculate the Framingham risk score, and the Framingham risk score was used to define the probability of developing CHD within 10 years either as low (<6%), moderate (6%-10%), moderately high (10%-20%) or high (>20%). Chi-square tests with or without the Bonferroni correction were used to compare the differences in the distribution of the 10-year estimated risk of developing CHD among the three definitions. Results Compared with the other definitions, the revised NCEP-ATP III criteria identified more participants (30.96%, 95% CI 28.8% to 33.2%) as having MetS, while the CDS criteria showed the highest 10-year probability of developing CHD. The 10-year probability of developing CHD in the participants with MetS was significantly higher than that in the participants without MetS (CDS: χ2=157.65, revised ATP III: χ2=45.17, IDF: χ2=306.15, all p<0.001), and all definitions more fully reflect the CHD risk in men than in women (revised NCEP-ATP III: χ2=72.83; IDF: χ2=63.60; CDS: χ2=23.84; all p<0.001). Conclusions This study demonstrates the differences in the prevalence and distribution of the 10-year estimated risk of developing CHD based on the definition of MetS. A significant finding of this study is that the MetS definitions have better performance for men than for women. Further studies in China, especially longitudinal studies, are needed to determine which definition of MetS is best suited for predicting CHD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]