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Objectives: This study aims to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the population in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) regarding microbiota and the main factors affecting its composition., Design/setting: A cross-sectional study, using a self-administered questionnaire, was conducted from May 2018 to September 2018, recruiting participants in public venues via convenience sampling., Participants: UAE residents (aged 18 years and above) who spoke either Arabic or English., Results: 419 responses were completed and analysed using SPSS V.24. Only 29.3% (n=94) of the participants who defined microbiota correctly had good knowledge. There was a significant difference in knowledge among different age groups (p=0.004) and educational levels (p<0.001). Multiple linear regression (MLR) model indicated that being a university student and a healthcare professional (HCP) are the only significant predictors regarding microbiota knowledge (p=0.014 and p<0.001, respectively). Of the respondents who claimed to be aware of probiotics, only 9.1% (n=15) exhibited good knowledge. MLR model showed that being a postgraduate and an HCP are the only significant predictors for probiotics knowledge (p=0.016 and p<0.001, respectively). 42.4% (n=143) and 34.6% (n=28) of the non-medical and HCP participants, respectively, use antibiotics without a prescription. None of the respondents, with or without a medical background, demonstrated good attitudes and practices toward the use of antibiotics., Conclusion: Despite the fact that the participants had a basic understanding of microbiota and probiotics, the overall knowledge was substandard. Additionally, the respondents engaged in improper practices that alter the microbiota composition, especially via antibiotics misuse. Campaigns should target the general population as well as HCPs to upheave their overall KAP., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)