Search

Background: There is a lack of scientific literature on the application of fear appeals theories to evaluate lung cancer risk perception among smokers. The aim of the present study is to apply the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) to discover the perception of the smokers about their lifetime risk of developing lung cancer (perceived susceptibility), their perception of lung cancer survival (perceived severity), response efficacy, self-efficacy, and readiness to quit., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 215 eligible smokers (aged 45 years and over who have smoked at least 1 pack per day in the last 5 years) were recruited. The data collection tool was designed using validate self-report questionnaires and it was contained items on the perceived risk of a smoker contracting lung cancer and perceived lung cancer survival rate. It also had questions to measure the main constructs of the EPPM and Readiness to quit ("Low&#95;Readiness", and "High&#95;Readiness"). To test how the data support conceptual EPPM to data, Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM) was used., Results: Findings showed a significant relationship between Perceived&#95;Susceptibility and Perceived&#95;Response Efficacy; (B = 1.16, P < 0.001); between Perceived&#95;Susceptibility and Perceived&#95;Self Efficacy, (B = -0.93, P < 0.001), Perceived&#95;Severity, and Perceived&#95;Response Efficacy (B = 1.07, P < 0.001). There was also a significant relationship between Perceived&#95;Threat and Perceived&#95;Response Efficacy; between Perceived&#95;Threat and Perceived&#95;Self Efficacy. The relationship between High&#95;Readiness and Perceived&#95;Self Efficacy, and between High&#95;Readiness and Perceived&#95;Severity also were significant. However, the relationships between High&#95;Readiness and Perceived&#95;Threat were not significant (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Perceived&#95;threat and Perceived&#95;efficacy were important for smokers with low readiness to quit, while Perceived&#95;efficacy was most important for smokers with high readiness to quit. These findings could be used in promoting lung cancer awareness and designing smoking cessation programs based on smokers' stages of change., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in Iran. The increasing trend of colorectal cancer incidence in Iran and the close relationship with the geographical location are the underlying reasons for this study., Data Source: Eleven databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and four other databases, for articles in Persian were searched from April 2014 to October 2014. Additional data were obtained from an online survey of the Central Library of Tabriz Faculty of Medicine., Study Eligibility Criteria: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we included studies reporting different measures of incidence, age-standardized incidence rates, and crude incidence rates. All rates (per 100,000 person-years) were standardized to the world standard population., Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods: A preliminary review of the title and abstracts of these articles was used to exclude any that were clearly irrelevant. The full text review determined whether the article was relevant to our topic. All the potentially relevant manuscripts were reviewed by two other investigators (S.D., M.G.). A total of 39 studies (10 Persian and 29 English articles) from different provinces and diverse areas of Iran, were analyzed in this study using comprehensive meta-analysis software. For accuracy studies, we used estimated rates for males and females with 95 % confidence intervals., Results: Age-standardized incidence rates were obtained based on the random effects model and were 8.16 (95 % CI: 6.64 to 9.68) and 6.17 (95 % CI: 5.01 to 7.32) for males and females, respectively. The random crude rates were 5.58 (95 % CI: 4.22 to 6.94) for males and 4.01 (95 % CI: 3.06 to 4.97) for females., Conclusions: Colorectal cancer incidence rates rise due to individual and environmental risk factors as well as improvement in the registry system and increase in access to health services. A more executed organized and structured system for collecting cancer data, in all cities and rural areas of the country, is an essential priority.