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Background: People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more likely to die prematurely, and this increased risk of death is primarily attributable to deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aim to investigate the relationship between Life's Essential 8 (LE8), a newly proposed cardiovascular health (CVH) measurement system, and all-cause mortality of CKD patients among US adults. Methods: A total of 3,169 CKD patients aged 20 and older from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey in 2009–2016 were involved in this study. Participants were divided into low (0–49), moderate (50–79) and high (80–100) CVH groups according to LE8 score (range 0-100). The mortality was ascertained from the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression and restricted cubic spline were used to investigate the relationship. Results: Among the 3,169 CKD patients, the median age was 66.0 (25.0) years and 1,671 (52.7%) were female, and the median follow-up time was 6.00 years. The median LE8 score of the study cohort was 57.5 (19.4). CKD patients with low CVH, health behavior (HB) and health factors (HF) scores presented with higher all-cause mortality (both log-rank P-values < 0.001). After adjusted for multiple confounders, patients in higher CVH group had a lower risk of all-cause mortality, with a HR (95%CI) of 0.32 (0.19–0.55). Similar results were observed in high HB group [HR 0.36 (0.25–0.50)]. The restricted cubic spline showed a significant inverse relationship between LE8, HB and HF scores with CKD all-cause mortality, while the protective effect seemed weaker for HF score. Above results remained robust in the sensitivity analysis. Stronger inverse associations were revealed in middle-aged patients and patients with higher education levels. Conclusions: LE8 and its subscales scores were inversely associated with all-cause mortality in patients with CKD. Promoting CVH in CKD patients is a potential way to improve their long-term survival rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although evidence has shown high prevalence rates of tobacco use in the general urban populations in China, relatively little is known in its rural population. The purposes of this study were to examine smoking patterns and sociodemographic correlates of smoking in a sample of rural Chinese male residents., Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional, multi-stage sampling design. Residents (N = 4,414; aged 15 years and older) were recruited from four geographic regions in China. Information on participants' tobacco use (of all forms), including their daily use, and sociodemographic characteristics were collected via survey questionnaires and the resultant data were analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression procedures., Results: The overall smoking prevalence in the study sample was 66.8% (n = 2,950). Of these, the average use of tobacco products per day was 12.70 (SD = 7.99) and over 60% reported daily smoking of more than 10 cigarettes. Geographic regions of the study areas, age of the participants, marital status, ethnicity, education, occupation, and average personal annual income were found to be significantly associated with an increased likelihood of smoking among rural Chinese male residents., Conclusion: There is a high smoking prevalence in the Chinese rural population and smoking behaviors are associated with important sociodemographic factors. Findings suggest the need for tobacco control and intervention policies aimed at reducing tobacco use in Chinese rural smoking populations.