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Background: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is associated with an increased risk of adverse fetal outcomes, yet its influence on offspring growth remains unclear. Our study dynamically tracks growth rates in children from ICP and healthy mothers and investigates the link between maternal liver function and developmental abnormalities in offspring. Method: Our case‒control study involved 97 women with ICP and 152 with uncomplicated pregnancies nested in a cohort of their offspring, including 50 from the ICP group and 87 from the uncomplicated pregnancy group. We collected pediatric growth and development data, with a maximum follow-up duration of 36 months. Stratified analyses of children's height, weight, and head circumference were conducted, and Spearman's rank correlation was applied to examine the relationships between maternal serological markers and pediatric growth metrics. Result: Maternal liver and renal functions, along with serum lipid profiles, significantly differed between the ICP and normal groups. In the ICP group, the offspring showed elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), direct bilirubin (DBIT), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (APOB) levels. Notably, the length-for-age z score (LAZ), weight-for-age z score (WAZ), and head circumference-for-age z score (HCZ) were lower in ICP offspring compared with those from normal pregnancies within the 1- to 12-month age range (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences in LAZ, weight-for-length z score (WLZ), BMI-for-age z score (BAZ), or HCZ were observed between groups in the 13- to 36-month age range. Maternal maximum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total bile acids (TBA) levels during pregnancy were inversely correlated with LAZ and WAZ in the first year. Furthermore, offspring of mothers with ICP exhibited a greater incidence of stunting (24% vs. 6.9%, P = 0.004) and abnormal HCZ (14% vs. 3.7%, P = 0.034). Conclusions: Growth disparities in offspring of ICP-affected pregnancies were most significant within the 1- to 12-month age range. During this period, maximum maternal LDH and TBA levels were negatively correlated with LAZ and WAZ values of offspring. The observation of similar growth rates between ICP and control group offspring from 13 to 36 months suggested catch-up growth in the ICP group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The worldwide occurrence of triplet pregnancy is estimated to be 0.093%, with a natural incidence of approximately 1 in 8000. This study aims to analyze the neonatal health status and birth weight discordance (BWD) of triplets based on chorionicity from birth until discharge. Methods: This was a retrospective study. We reviewed a total of 136 triplet pregnancies at our tertiary hospital between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2021. Maternal and neonatal outcomes, inter-triplet BWD, neonatal morbidity, and mortality were analyzed. Results: Among all cases, the rates of intrauterine death, neonatal death, and perinatal death were 10.29, 13.07, and 24.26%, respectively. Thirty-seven of the cases resulted in fetal loss, including 13 with fetal anomalies. The maternal complications and neonatal outcomes of the 99 triplet pregnancies without fetal loss were compared across different chorionicities, including a dichorionic (DC) group (41 cases), trichorionic (TC) group (37 cases), and monochorionic (MC) group (21 cases). Neonatal hypoproteinemia (P < 0.001), hyperbilirubinemia (P < 0.019), and anemia (P < 0.003) exhibited significant differences according to chorionicity, as did the distribution of BWD (P < 0.001). More than half of the cases in the DC and TC groups had a BWD < 15%, while those in the MC group had a BWD < 50% (47.6%). TC pregnancy decreased the risk of neonatal anemia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.084) and need for blood transfusion therapy after birth (AOR = 0.119). In contrast, a BWD > 25% increased the risk of neonatal anemia (AOR = 10.135) and need for blood transfusion after birth (AOR = 7.127). TC pregnancy, MCDA or MCTA, and BWD > 25% increased neonatal hypoproteinemia, with AORs of 4.629, 5.123, and 5.343, respectively. Conclusions: The BWD differed significantly according to chorionicity. Additionally, TC pregnancies reduced the risk of neonatal anemia and need for blood transfusion, but increased the risk of neonatal hypoproteinemia. In contrast, the BWD between the largest and smallest triplets increased the risk of neonatal anemia and the need for blood transfusion. TC pregnancy, MCDA or MCTA, and BWD > 25% increased the risks of neonatal hypoproteinemia. However, due to the limited number of triplet pregnancies, further exploration of the underlying mechanism is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is strongly associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Total bile acid (TBA) levels in the late second or third trimester are a major factor in the diagnosis. Here, we sought to establish the miRNA expression profile of plasm exosomes of ICP and identify possible biomarkers for the diagnosis of ICP. Methods: This case–control study involved 14 ICP patients as the experimental group and 14 healthy pregnant women as the control group. Electron microscopy was used to observe the presence of exosomes in plasma. Nanosight and Western blotting of CD63 was used to assess exosome quality. Among them, three ICP patients and three controls were used for isolation plasmic exosome and preliminary miRNA array analysis. The Agilent miRNA array was utilized to dynamically monitor the miRNA expression in plasmic exosomes of included patients in the first trimester(T1), second trimester (T2), third trimester (T3), and delivery (T4). Then, Quantitative real-time Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify and validate differentially expressed miRNAs in plasma-derived exosomes. Results: The expression levels of hsa-miR-940, hsa-miR-636, and hsa-miR-767-3p in plasma-derived exosomes of ICP patients were significantly higher than those of healthy pregnant women. Besides, these three miRNAs were also significantly up-regulated at the plasma, placental, and cellular levels (P < 0.05). The diagnostic accuracy of hsa-miR-940, hsa-miR-636, and hsa-miR-767-3p was further evaluated by the ROC curve, the area under the curve (AUC) values for each were 0.7591, 0.7727, and 0.8955, respectively. Conclusions: We identified three differentially expressed miRNAs in the plasma exosomes of ICP patients. Hence, hsa-miR-940, hsa-miR-636, and hsa-miR-767-3p may be potential biomarkers for enhancing the diagnosis and prognosis of ICP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes leading to high perinatal morbidity and mortality. However, few studies have examined twin pregnancies complicated by ICP. To assess the perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancies with ICP, a retrospective cohort study was conducted.Methods: A total of 633 twin pregnancies and 1267 singleton pregnancies with ICP were included. In addition, a correlation study was performed on the matched total bile acid (TBA) levels from maternal serum, fetal umbilical venous blood, and amniotic fluid of 33 twin pregnancies from twin groups.Results: When compared to singletons, twin pregnancies with ICP had a higher risk of cesarean section (CS) (96.4% vs. 76.1%), preterm birth (PTB) (82.6% vs. 19.7%), fetal distress (2.0% vs. 1.3%), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission (23.6% vs. 5.1%), which was significantly related to increasing TBA levels (P < 0.05). In twin pregnancies with TBA ≥100 μmol/L, the incidences of CS, PTB, fetal distress, neonatal asphyxia, and meconium-stained amniotic fluid were 94.4, 100, 11.1, 5.6, and 36.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum maternal TBA levels were positively correlated with TBA levels in the amniotic fluid (r = 0.61, P < 0.05) and umbilical cord blood (r = 0.44, P < 0.05), and a similar correlation was found for maternal TBA levels at delivery. TBA levels in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid also had a significant and positive correlation (r = 0.52, P < 0.05).Conclusions: Twin pregnancies with ICP had a higher risk for adverse perinatal outcomes than singletons, which was associated with higher TBA levels. TBA can be transported through the placenta and is involved in uterus-placenta-fetal circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the fastest growing type of diabetes in Australia with rates trebling over the past decades partially explained by rising obesity rates and maternal age among childbearing women. Percentage of GDM attributable to obesity has been documented, mostly focusing on metropolitan populations. In parts of regional (areas outside capital cities) and rural Australia where overweight, obesity and morbid obesity are more prevalent, intertwined with socioeconomic disadvantage and higher migrant communities, trends over time in adjusted percentages of GDM attributed to obesity are unknown. Methods: In this population-based retrospective panel study, women, without pre-existing diabetes, delivering singletons between 2010 and 2017 in a tertiary regional hospital that serves 26% of Victoria's 6.5 million Australian population were eligible for inclusion. Secular trends in GDM by body mass index (BMI) and age were evaluated. The percentage of GDM that would have been prevented each year with the elimination of overweight or obesity was estimated using risk-adjusted regression-based population attributable fractions (AFp). Trends in the AFp over time were tested using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test. Results: Overall 7348 women, contributing to 10,028 births were included. The age of expecting mothers, their BMI, proportion of women born overseas, and GDM incidence significantly rose over time with GDM rising from 3.5% in 2010 to 13.7% in 2017, p < 0.001, increasing in all BMI categories. The incidence was consistently highest among women with obesity (13.8%) and morbid obesity (21.6%). However, the highest relative increase was among women with BMI < 25 kg/m2, rising from 1.4% in 2010 to 7.0% in 2017. Adjusting for age, country of birth, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, antenatal and intrapartum factors, an estimated 8.6% (confidence interval (CI) 6.1–11.0%), 15.6% (95% CI 12.2–19.0%), and 19.5% (95% CI 15.3–23.6%) of GDM would have been prevented by eliminating maternal overweight, obesity, and morbid obesity, respectively. However, despite the rise in obesity over time, percentages of GDM attributable to overweight, obesity, and morbid obesity significantly dropped over time. Scenario analyses supported these findings. Conclusions: Besides increasing prevalence of obesity over time, this study suggests that GDM risk factors, other than obesity, are also increasing over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Triplet pregnancies are associated with higher fetal morbidity and mortality rates as well as life-threatening maternal complications. Monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) triplet pregnancies are very rare compared to other types of triplet pregnancies.Case Presentation: We report three cases of MCDA triplet pregnancies between January 2012 and December 2017. Two of these MCDA triplet pregnancies received regular and intensive prenatal care, were diagnosed by ultrasonography during the first trimester or early second trimester, and had good perinatal outcomes. The case with irregular perinatal care had poor outcomes, and the MCDA triplet pregnancy was diagnosed intrapartum.Conclusions: The possibility of continuing an MCDA triplet pregnancy should be recognized. Early diagnosis, regular antenatal care, close prenatal monitoring, and sufficient communication are recommended to obtain better perinatal outcomes in MCDA triplet pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes which occurs during pregnancy. Women with GDM are at greater risk of complications during pregnancy and delivery, while babies born from mothers with GDM are at greater risk of post-natal complications. Using the most updated diagnosis criteria, the GDM prevalence is estimated at 9.3-25.5% worldwide and 9.3-18.9% in China. Our objective was to identify healthcare interventions aimed at GDM prevention and control in China.Methods: A best-evidence synthesis was performed based on a systematic search of literature published between 1997 and October 2015 in PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan-fang databases using keywords "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus", "GDM", "Intervention" "Medical Intervention" "Early Medical Intervention", "Dietary Intervention", "Exercise Intervention", "Lifestyle Intervention", "Therapy", "Treatment" and "China". Inclusion criteria were studies conducted in China, reporting GDM healthcare interventions, and published in either Chinese or English. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility and quality of the studies and extracted the data. Treatment efficacy was examined with weighted pooled odds ratio (OR) meta-analyses.Results: The search resulted in 5961 articles (published in 276 different Chinese language journals and 6 English language journals), of which 802 were included in this synthesis. While 39.4% (n = 316) failed to report the GDM diagnostic criteria used, the remaining studies classified GDM with various international (n = 5) or Chinese (n = 7) diagnostic standards. Treatment interventions were categorized into 6 types: dietary (18.6%), exercise (1.6%), medication (20.7%), health education (9.0%), psychological (2.6%) and combination (47.4%). No interventions aimed at GDM prevention were identified. Meta-analyses demonstrated a statistically significant overall benefit of GDM treatment strategies in reducing the odds of maternal and infant adverse outcomes (ORs range 0.20-0.34, 95% CI 0.17-0.49, P < 0.05 for all). Dietary, western medication, and combined interventions were the most effective inteventions.Conclusions: An increasing number of healthcare interventions were found in China aimed at controlling GDM while no interventions were intended for GDM prevention. Well-designed clinical trials are needed to determine the comparative and cost effectiveness of GDM prevention and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemivertebra deformity, involving one or multiple vertebral bodies, is one of the important causes of congenital scoliosis. Congenital fetal hemivertebrae could be diagnosed by ultrasonography and confirmed by fetal magnetic resonance imaging during pregnancy. However, reports of hemivertebrae in twins during the perinatal period are very rare.Case Presentation: We report two cases of congenital fetal hemivertebrae, each affecting one fetus in a dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twin pregnancy. We have also conducted a literature review of its prenatal screening, diagnosis, management, and outcomes. These two cases of congenital fetal hemivertebrae in one fetus of a DCDA twin were both initially found by ultrasonography and confirmed by fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). One couple chose selective termination of the hemivertebrae fetus after they were extensively counseled by the multidisciplinary team regarding the treatment and prognosis of the hemivertebrae twin, and a healthy baby weighing 2320 g was delivered at the 37+ 1 gestational week. The other couple decided to continue the twin pregnancy and gave birth to two living newborns weighing 2580 g and 2060 g at 37+ 1 gestational weeks. These three babies were all in good health during follow-up.Conclusions: Based on our center's experience, comprehensive ultrasonography is necessary for early prenatal diagnosis of this condition. In addition, fetal MRI will confirm the diagnosis of hemivertebrae and provide parents with helpful information for their decision about the fate of the affected fetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]