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Background HIV is a major public health issue, especially in developing countries. It is important to track and design successful intervention programs to explore the spatial pattern, distribution, and associated factors of HIV Seropositivity. This study therefore showed the spatial variation of HIV Seropositivity and related factors in Ethiopia. Methods A total sample of 25,774 individual data collected from the 2016 EDHS data were primarily HIV biomarkers, IR, MR, and GPS. Spatial heterogeneity analysis was used with methods such as Morans I, Interpolation, and Kulldorff ‘s scan statistic. Spatial analysis was conducted using open source tools (QGIS, GeoDa, SaTScan). Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed using Stata14 to identify HIV-associated factors. Finally, the AOR with a 95% confidence interval was used to report the mixed-effect logistic regression result in the full model. Result The prevalence of HIV / AIDS at national level was 0.93%. The highest prevalence regions were Gambela, Addis Abeba, Harari and Diredawa, accounting for 4.79, 3.36, 2.65 and 2.6%, respectively. Higher HIV seropositive spatial clusters have been established in the Gambela and Addis Ababa regions. Multilevel analysis at the individual level being married [AOR = 2.19 95% CI: (1.11–4.31)] and previously married [AOR = 6.45, 95% CI: (3.06–13.59)], female [AOR = 1.8, 95% CI: (1.19–2.72)], first-sex at age ≤15 [AOR = 4.39, 95% CI: (1.70–11.34)], 18—19 [AOR = 2.67 95% CI: (1.05–6.8)], middle age group (25-34) [AOR = 6.53, 95% CI: (3.67–11.75)], older age group (>34) [AOR = 2.67 95% CI: (1.05–6.8)], primary school [AOR = 3.03, 95% CI: (1.92–4.79)], secondary school [AOR = 3.37, 95% CI: (1.92–5.92) were significantly associated with serropositivity. Regarding household level, place of residence [urban: AOR = 6.13 CI: (3.12, 12.06)], female-headed households (AOR = 2.24 95% CI: (1.57–3.73), media exposure [low exposure (AOR = 0.53 95% CI: (0.33–0.86), no exposure AOR = 0.39 95% CI: (0.23–0.65)] and increased household size [AOR = 0.72 95% CI: (0.65–0.8)] were associated with HIV Seropositivity. Conclusion High cluster HIV cases were found in Gambela, Addis Abeba, Harari, and Diredawa. Having a history of married, start sex at a younger age, female-headed household, urban residence, and lower household size is more affected by HIV/AIDS. So any concerned body work around this risk group and area can be effective in the reduction of transmission.

Methods Field sampling started from July 2012 to July 2013 which included a total of 163 HIV seropositive patients. After taking an informed consent and recorded CD4 date, stool samples were collected for screening of parasites. Two stool samples were collected in two vials, one with formalin and other with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Saline wet mount and Lugols Iodine mount was done by direct microscopy and a formalin ether concentration method to detect ova, trophozoites, cysts, and larvae of intestinal parasites.

Background Effective health care delivery to the majority of perinatally exposed infants is hampered by lack of access to accurate HIV diagnosis in infancy. Polymerase chain reaction is the most sensitive test to diagnose HIV-1 infection in children born to HIV seropositive mothers. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and accuracy of using dried blood spot (DBS) technology in performing HIV-1 DNA PCR using Roche Amplicor HIV-1 DNA PCR version 1.5 for diagnosis in children less than 18 months of age.

Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important cause of death among patients infected with HIV. Genetic variation influences differential development of TB particularly in Immunosupressed patients. Natural Killer cells play an important role in the innate immune system by providing the first line of defence against viral infections and tumors. Their activity is partially controlled by distinct inhibitory and activating killer Ig like receptors (KIR) that recognize specific ligands on potential target cells. Objective of this study is to determine the association between KIR and HIV co-infection.

Results A total of 240 subjects aged 19-67 years were enrolled in the study. Out of them, 120 were HIV seropositive, 53% were male, and 68% had primary education. About 55.4% had average knowledge of TB but in depth knowledge about symptoms and the spread was not adequate among HIV seropositive patients. Regarding knowledge on the symptoms and spread of TB, only 35% knew about chest pain and 23% knew about hemoptysis. There were few misconceptions regarding the spread; majority (77%) believed that TB spreads by unprotected sex and 53.5% believed that it occurs through infected blood transfusion. We noticed positive attitude and positive compliance with TB treatment among majority of the respondents, however the compliance was better (92%) among HIV seropositive patients.

Conclusion In this study, we could observe MBL2 promoter haplotypes with low MBL secretion may play a protective role to intracellular mycobacterium infections like TB in HIV seropositive individuals. Authors’ details Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai625021, India. ART Centre, Govt. Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni625512, India.

Methods 31 HIV seropositive antiretroviral therapy naive and 8 HIV uninfected healthy control subjects were recruited and characterized as being early, late or slow progressor. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from each study subject and stimulated with HIV-1 subtype ‘C’ gag peptide pool and assessed for IL-17 cytokine producing CD4-T cells using intracellular cytokine staining. All clinical groups were statistically compared by Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was calculated for correlation of different variables.

Results In the study population, 92.3% of individuals had acquired the infection through heterosexual contact. The mean age of infected males and females was 35±8 and 30±8 years respectively and the mean CD4 count in males and females was 385.53±226.76 and 284.36 ±278.28 cells/μL respectively (p 200 (p

Implementation of HIV/AIDS control programs in Cameroon has not completely limited the spreading of the disease. Few studies conducted in West region of Cameroon determined factors favoring disease propagation; thus the need of an assessment so as to design strategies which will optimally limit the rate of transmission of HIV in this area.

Background Oral manifestations (such as warts) of HIV infection are evident of disease progression, occurring in 30–80% of affected population. Recent evidence indicates that Human Papillomavirus (HPV) related diseases are increased in the oral cavity of HIV seropositive individuals irrespective of HAART. This study was undertaken to evaluate prevalence of oral HPV infection in Indian HIV seropositive women with/without oral warts.

Case report We present the case of a 9 year, 6 month old girl, diagnosed with HIV at the age of 2, right after the death of her HIV seropositive father (later the mother was also diagnosed with HIV). For more than 7 years the mother did not administer the child the antiretroviral treatment that she was supplied with. In January 2013, after the mother’s death, the patient’s health worsened. She was admitted for multiple opportunistic associated infections, but, despite the complex therapeutic treatment administered, the evolution was not favorable.