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Background: Thyroid Hydatid Cyst (THC), a pathological state induced by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus, represents a multifaceted clinical entity with nonspecific symptoms, making both diagnosis and treatment intricate. The current understanding of THC's attributes is somewhat limited. To gain a broader perspective on the disease's clinical and epidemiological characteristics, we have systematically reviewed the existing literature. Methods: We performed an extensive review of articles on THC across four key scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Our study encompassed all patients diagnosed with THC through post-surgical pathology or Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) examinations, extracting clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic data of THC patients from publications up to October 2023. Results: From 770 articles, 57 met our criteria, detailing 75 THC patients. The gender ratio was 2.36 females per one male. The patients averaged 36.1 years old, with common symptoms including neck mass, hoarseness, shortness of breath, and dysphagia. The left lobe was involved in most patients, and only 21.3% had extrathyroidal involvement. Cysts averaged 36.4 mm in diameter, with cystic nodules being the most frequent imaging finding (91.2%). Serological tests were performed for 42.6% of cases, of which 62.5% were positive. Surgery was undertaken in 71 patients (94.6%). Conclusion: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) of the thyroid should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis in patients with cervicofacial mass, especially in endemic countries. The present study provides reliable data to improve our understanding of the features of the disease for a better diagnosis and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition requiring prompt diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Diagnosis and management of cardiac tamponade in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection pose a major challenge for clinicians. This study aimed to investigate clinical characteristics, paraclinical findings, therapeutic options, patient outcomes, and etiologies of cardiac tamponade in people living with HIV. Methods: Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for case reports or case series reporting HIV-infected patients with cardiac tamponade up to February 29, 2024. Baseline characteristics, clinical manifestations, paraclinical findings, therapeutic options, patient outcomes, and etiologies of cardiac tamponade were independently extracted by two reviewers. Results: A total of 37 articles reporting 40 HIV-positive patients with cardiac tamponade were included. These patients mainly experienced dyspnea, fever, chest pain, and cough. They were mostly presented with abnormal vital signs, such as tachypnea, tachycardia, fever, and hypotension. Physical examination predominantly revealed elevated Jugular venous pressure (JVP), muffled heart sounds, and palsus paradoxus. Echocardiography mostly indicated pericardial effusion, right ventricular collapse, and right atrial collapse. Most patients underwent pericardiocentesis, while others underwent thoracotomy, pericardiotomy, and pericardiostomy. Furthermore, infections and malignancies were the most common etiologies of cardiac tamponade in HIV-positive patients, respectively. Eventually, 80.55% of the patients survived, while the rest expired. Conclusion: Infections and malignancies are the most common causes of cardiac tamponade in HIV-positive patients. If these patients demonstrate clinical manifestations of cardiac tamponade, clinicians should conduct echocardiography to diagnose it promptly. They should also undergo pericardial fluid drainage and receive additional therapy, depending on the etiology, to reduce the mortality rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rapid point-of-care tests for malaria are now widely used in many countries to guide the initial clinical management of patients presenting with febrile illness. With China having recently achieved malaria elimination, better understanding regarding the identity and distribution of major non-malarial causes of febrile illnesses is of particular importance to inform evidence-based empirical treatment policy. Methods: A systematic review of published literature was undertaken to characterise the spectrum of pathogens causing non-malaria febrile illness in China (1980–2015). Literature searches were conducted in English and Chinese languages in six databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health, EMBASE, Web of Science™ – Chinese Science Citation Database SM, The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WanFang Med Online. Selection criteria included reporting on an infection or infections with a confirmed diagnosis, defined as pathogens detected in or cultured from samples from normally sterile sites, or serological evidence of current or past infection. The number of published articles, reporting a given pathogen were presented, rather than incidence or prevalence of infection. Results: A total of 57,181 records from 13 provinces of China where malaria used to be endemic were screened, of which 392 met selection criteria and were included in this review. The review includes 60 (15.3%) records published from 1980 to 2000, 211 (53.8%) from 2001 to 2010 and 121 (30.9%) from 2011 to 2015;. Of the 392 records, 166 (42.3%) were from the eastern region of China, 120 (30.6%) were from the south-west, 102 (26.0%) from south-central, and four (1.0%) were multi-regional studies. Bacterial infections were reported in 154 (39.3%) records, viral infections in 219 (55.9%), parasitic infections in four (1.0%), fungal infections in one (0.3%), and 14 (3.6%) publications reported more than one pathogen group. Participants of all ages were included in 136 (34.7%) studies, only adults in 75 (19.1%), only children in 17 (4.3%), only neonates in two (0.5%) and the age distribution was not specified in 162 (41.3%) records. The most commonly reported bacterial pathogens included Typhoidal Salmonella (n = 30), Orientia/ Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (n = 31), Coxiella burnetii (n = 17), Leptospira spp. (n = 15) and Brucella spp. (n = 15). The most commonly reported viral pathogens included Hantavirus/Hantaan virus (n = 89), dengue virus (DENV) (n = 76 including those with unknown serovars), Japanese encephalitis virus (n = 21), and measles virus (n = 15). The relative lack of data in the western region of the country, as well as in in neonates and children, represented major gaps in the understanding of the aetiology of fever in China. Conclusions: This review presents a landscape of non-malaria pathogens causing febrile illness in China over 36 years as the country progressed toward malaria elimination. These findings can inform guidelines for clinical management of fever cases and infection surveillance and prevention, and highlight the need to standardize operational and reporting protocols for better understanding of fever aetiology in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Up to now several studies estimate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and TB among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Iran; however, their results are inconsistent. This study aimed to estimate the overall prevalence of HBV, HVC, and TB among Iranian PLWH. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis six databases including Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, MagIran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Barakat Knowledge network system were searched up to October 2023 with no language restriction. All studies estimated the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and TB among PLWH in Iran were included. The random-effects model was used to report the study estimates. Results were reported at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Out of 1050 retrieved references, 58 articles met the eligibility criteria. Overall among PLWH, HBV prevalence was 13.0% (95% CI: 11.0, 15.0), HCV prevalence was 54% (95% CI: 45.0, 64.0), and TB prevalence was 19% (95% CI: 13.0, 24.0). The results from multivariate meta-regression analysis showed no statistically significant association between HBV and TB prevalence with the year of study, quality of studies, age, gender, and persons who inject drugs (PWID). HCV prevalence was significantly associated with PWID. Conclusion: We found HBV, HCV, and TB infections are common among PLWH in Iran and required to be screened and treated with effective and timely services. Key messages: The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and TB was high among Iranian PLWH The prevalence was higher among at-risk groups such as PWIDs and homeless people The prevalence of HCV was more than HBV and TB among PLWH [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although many studies on asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks have been conducted globally, structured data (important for emergency management of outbreaks) on the prevalence of this epidemic are still not available. This study assessed the global prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks. Methods: We identified publications on asymptomatic infections from norovirus outbreaks by searching the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Medline, and Web of Science databases and screening references from the articles reviewed. Prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks was employed as the primary summary data. The random-effects model of the meta-analysis was fitted to generate estimates of the prevalence in the overall and subgroup populations. Results: In total, 44 articles with a sample size of 8,115 asymptomatic individuals were included. The estimated pooled prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks was 21.8% (95%CI, 17.4–27.3). The asymptomatic prevalence of norovirus GII (20.1%) was similar to that of GI (19.8%); however, the proportion prevalence of asymptomatic individuals involved in the former (33.36%) was significantly higher than that of in the latter (0.92%) and the former (93.18%) was reported much more frequently than the latter (15.91%) in the included articles. These studies had significant heterogeneity (I2 = 92%, τ2 = 0.4021, P < 0.01). However, the source of heterogeneity could not be identified even after subgroup analysis of 10 possible influencing factors (geographical area, outbreak settings, outbreak seasons, sample types, norovirus genotypes, transmission routes, subjects' occupations, subjects' age, per capita national income, and clear case definition). Meta-regression analysis of these 10 factors demonstrated that the geographical area could be partly responsible for this heterogeneity (P = 0.012). Conclusions: The overall pooled asymptomatic prevalence of norovirus in outbreaks was high, with genome II dominating. Asymptomatic individuals may play an important role in norovirus outbreaks. This knowledge could help in developing control strategies and public health policies for norovirus outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Encephalitis is an inflammation of the cerebral parenchyma manifested by acute symptoms such as fever, headaches, and other neurological disorders. Its etiology is mostly viral, with herpes simplex virus being a frequent etiological agent in children. The development of neurological sequelae is a serious outcome associated with this infection. Objective: To assess the general prevalence and types of neurological sequelae in children after a case of acute viral encephalitis caused by HSV. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was developed following the PRISMA guidelines. The literature search was carried out in the MEDLINE, Embase, SciELO, LILACS, Cochrane, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases. Studies were included of children with confirmed HSV infection and that presented a description of neurological sequelae associated with that infection. For the meta-analysis of general prevalence and of the types of neurological sequelae a random effects model was used. Results: Of the 2827 articles chosen in the initial search, nine studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The general prevalence of neurological sequelae was 50.7% (95% CI 39.2–62.2). The most frequent sequelae were related to mental disability, with a 42.1% prevalence (95% CI 30–55.2); on the other hand, the least frequent sequelae were those related with visual impairment, with a 5.9% prevalence (95% CI 2.2–14.6). The included studies presented regular quality and substantial heterogeneity. Conclusion: Even with antiviral therapy, half of patients will develop some type of disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the occurrence of yellow fever epidemics is critical for targeted interventions and control efforts to reduce the burden of disease. We assessed data on the yellow fever incidence and mortality rates in Africa.Methods: We searched the Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, Africa-wide and Web of science databases from 1 January 1975 to 30th October 2020. Two authors extracted data from included studies independently and conducted a meta-analysis.Results: Of 840 studies identified, 12 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. The incidence of yellow fever per 100,000 population ranged from < 1 case in Nigeria, < 3 cases in Uganda, 13 cases in Democratic Republic of the Congo, 27 cases in Kenya, 40 cases in Ethiopia, 46 cases in Gambia, 1267 cases in Senegal, and 10,350 cases in Ghana. Case fatality rate associated with yellow fever outbreaks ranged from 10% in Ghana to 86% in Nigeria. The mortality rate ranged from 0.1/100,000 in Nigeria to 2200/100,000 in Ghana.Conclusion: The yellow fever incidence rate is quite constant; in contrast, the fatality rates vary widely across African countries over the study period. Standardized demographic health surveys and surveillance as well as accurate diagnostic measures are essential for early recognition, treatment and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a major public health concern worldwide. Bedaquiline, a novel diarylquinoline, was added to the WHO-recommended all-oral regimen for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of bedaquiline on tuberculosis treatment outcomes.Methods: We searched the PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE databases for relevant studies published up to March 12, 2021. We included studies in which some participants received bedaquiline and others did not. Stata version 16.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, Texas, USA) was used to analyze the results of the meta-analysis. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to evaluate the effect of bedaquiline on drug-resistant tuberculosis. Between-study heterogeneity was examined by the I-squared test. Randomized controlled trials were assessed for quality using the Jadad scale, and cohort studies were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.Results: Eight studies, including 2 randomized controlled trials and 6 cohort studies involving a total of 21,836 subjects, were included. When compared with the control, bedaquiline treatment was associated with higher rates of culture conversion (risk ratio (RR):1.272 (1.165-1.389), P < 0.001). We found substantial evidence of a significant reduction in all-cause death (RR: 0.529 (0.454-0.616), P < 0.001)) in the bedaquiline treatment group. There was no significant reduction in treatment success (RR = 0.980 (0.948-1.013, P = 0.234)).Conclusions: This study demonstrated that compared with patients who do not receive bedaquiline, this drug has the potential to achieve a higher culture conversion rate and a lower mortality risk among drug-resistant tuberculosis cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently developed immunosuppressive drugs, especially TNF antagonists, may enhance the risk of granulomatous infections, including leprosy. We aimed to evaluate the leprosy detection rate in patients under immunosuppression due to rheumatological, dermatological and gastroenterological diseases.Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Web of Science and Scielo databases through 2018. No date or language restrictions were applied. We included all articles that reported the occurrence of leprosy in patients under medication-induced immunosuppression.Results: The search strategy resulted in 15,103 articles; finally, 20 articles were included, with 4 reporting longitudinal designs. The detection rate of leprosy ranged from 0.13 to 116.18 per 100,000 patients/year in the USA and Brazil, respectively. In the meta-analysis, the detection rate of cases of leprosy per 100,000 immunosuppressed patients with rheumatic diseases was 84 (detection rate = 0.00084; 95% CI = 0.0000-0.00266; I2 = 0%, p = 0.55).Conclusion: Our analysis showed that leprosy was relatively frequently detected in medication-induced immunosuppressed patients suffering from rheumatological diseases, and further studies are needed. The lack of an active search for leprosy in the included articles precluded more precise conclusions.Trial Registration: This review is registered in PROSPERO with the registry number CRD42018116275 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]