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Background: Tuberculosis screening of people living with HIV (PLHIV) - an intervention to reduce the burden of TB among PLHIV - is being implemented at HIV clinics in Ghana since 2007, but TB screening coverage remains low. Facility adherence to intervention guidelines may be a factor but is missing in implementation science literature. This study assesses the level of HIV clinic adherence to the guidelines and related facility characteristics in selected district hospitals in Ghana.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in all 27 district hospitals with HIV clinics, X-ray and geneXpert machines in Ghana. These hospitals are in 27 districts representing about 27% of the 100 district hospitals with HIV clinics in Ghana. A data collection tool with 18-items (maximum score of 29) was developed from the TB/HIV collaborative guidelines to assess facility adherence to four interrelated components of the TB screening programme as stated in the guidelines: intensive TB case-finding among PLHIV (ITCF), Isoniazid preventive therapy initiation (IPT), TB infection control (TIC), and programme review meetings (PRM). Data were collected through record review and interviews with 27 key informants from each hospital. Adherence scores per component were summed to determine an overall adherence score per facility and summarized using medians and converted to proportions. Facility characteristics were assessed and compared across facilities with high (above median) versus low (below median) overall adherence scores, using nonparametric test statistics.Results: From the 27 key interviews and facility records reviewed, the median adherence scores for ITCF, IPT, TIC, and PRM components were 85.7% (IQR: 85.5-100.0), 0% (IQR: 0-66.7), 33.3% (IQR: 33.3-50.0), and 90.0% (IQR: 70.0-90.0), respectively. The overall median adherence score was 62.1% (IQR: 58.6-65.1), and 17 clinics (63%) with overall adherence score above the median were categorized as high adherence. Compared to low adherence facilities, high adherence facilities had statistically significant lower PLHIV clinic attendees per month (256 (IQR: 60-904) vs. 900 (IQR: 609-2622); p = 0.042), and lower HIV provider workloads (28.6 (IQR: 8.6-113) vs. 90 (IQR: 66.7-263.5); p = 0.046), and most had screening guidelines (76%, p < 0.01) and questionnaire (80%, p < 0.01) available on-site.Conclusion: PRM had highest score while the IPT component had the lowest score. Almost a third of the facilities implemented the TB screening programme activities with a high level of adherence to the guidelines. We suggest to ensure adherence to all four components, reducing staff workloads and making TB screening questionnaires and guidelines available on-site would increase facility adherence to the intervention and ultimately achieve intervention targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Resistance to antimalarial drugs resulting from overuse of the medication remains a threat to malaria control and elimination in endemic settings including Ghana. Reliance on clinical signs alone results in patients being diagnosed with malaria falsely. The World Health Organization and local guidelines recommend test-based diagnosis with malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) or microscopy before prescription of antimalarial drugs. Despite the scale-up of mRDT through the procurement of mRDT kits and training of health workers on mRDT-led diagnosis of malaria, its use remains low with about 85% health workers reporting satisfaction with the presumptive diagnosis.Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the determinants of intention to use mRDT among health workers in Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana. A total of 110 health workers were surveyed from February to April 2017. Intention to use mRDT was measured as the primary outcome with a 5-item scale questionnaire based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). We then tested its association with hypothesized determinants: coherence, cognitive participation, collective action, and reflexive action informed by the Normalization Process Theory (NPT) as well as health workers' background characteristics using linear regression modeling.Results: The mean intention to use mRDT score was 82% (SD: 12.6). The regression model showed health workers intention to use mRDT was positively associated with coherence (β = 0.40, 95% CI 0.16-0.65) and cognitive participation (β = 0.36, 95% CI 0.15-0.58). Intention to use mRDT score was 6.85 units higher among health workers with three or more years of experience compared to those with less than 3 years of experience (β = 6.85 95% CI 0.59-13.12). However, intention to use mRDT score was inversely related to reflexive monitoring and collective action but not significant.Conclusion: The study identified that intention to use mRDT was positively influenced by health workers having a proper understanding of the aims and expected benefits (coherence) of the intervention and the availability of experienced staff and intervention champions (cognitive participation) to promote mRDT use among health workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Decreasing the burden of Tuberculosis (TB) among PLHIV through TB screening is an effective intervention recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, after over a decade of implementation in Ghana, the intervention does not realize the expected outcomes. It is also not well understood whether this lack of success is due to implementation barriers. Our study, therefore, sought to examine the factors influencing the implementation of the intervention among people living with HIV (PLHIV) attending HIV clinics at district hospitals in Ghana., Methods: This was a qualitative study conducted from 6th to 31 May 2019 in three regions of Ghana. We conducted 17 in-depth interviews (IDIs - comprising two regional, six districts and nine facility TB/HIV coordinators) and eight focus group discussions (FGD - consisting of a total of 65 participants) with HIV care providers. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) guided the design of interview guides, data collection and analysis. All responses were digitally audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim for coding and analysis using the Framework Approach. Participants consented to the interview and recording., Results: The main barriers to TB screening relate to the low commitment of the implementers to screen for TB and limited facility infrastructure for the screening activities. Facilitators of TB screening include (1) ease in TB screening, (2) good communication and referral channels, (3) effective goals and feedback mechanisms, (4) health workers recognizing the need for the intervention and (5) the role of chemical sellers., Conclusions: Key barriers and facilitators to the intervention are revealed. The study has shown that there is a need to increase HIV care providers and institutional commitment towards TB screening interventions. In addition, cost issues need to be assessed as they are drivers of sustainability. Our study also advances the field of implementation science through CFIR to better understand the factors influencing the implementation., (© 2022. The Author(s).)