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Objective: To evaluate if moderate chronic kidney disease [CKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ] is associated with high rates of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) recurrence or progression., Patients and Methods: A multi-institutional database identified patients with serum creatinine values prior to first transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT). The CKD-epidemiology collaboration formula calculated patient eGFR. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated associations with recurrence-free (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS)., Results: In all, 727 patients were identified with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) patient age of 69.8 (60.1-77.6) years. Data for eGFR were available for 632 patients. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 3.7 (1.5-6.5) years, 400 (55%) patients had recurrence and 145 (19.9%) patients had progression of tumour stage or grade. Moderate or severe CKD was identified in 183 patients according to eGFR. Multivariable analysis identified an eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-1.9; P = 0.002) as a predictor of tumour recurrence. The 5-year RFS rate was 46% for patients with an eGFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and 27% for patients with an eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that an eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (HR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.75-7.94; P = 0.001) was associated with progression to muscle-invasive disease. The 5-year PFS rate was 83% for patients with an eGFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and 71% for patients with an eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (P = 0.01)., Conclusion: Moderate CKD at first TURBT is associated with reduced RFS and PFS. Patients with reduced renal function should be considered for increased surveillance., (© 2017 The Authors BJU International © 2017 BJU International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To assess whether extreme obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 40 kg/m(2) ) is associated with peri-operative outcomes, overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), or recurrence-free survival (RFS) after surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC)., Patients and Methods: After institutional review board approval, we used an institutional database to identify patients treated surgically between January 2000 and December 2014 with a pathological diagnosis of RCC. Comprehensive clinical and pathological data were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to estimate OS, RFS and CSS. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to evaluate associations with OS, CSS and RFS in patients with extreme obesity, among other known predictive variables., Results: In all, 100 patients (11.9%) with a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) and 743 patients (88.1%) with a BMI < 40 kg/m(2) who were treated surgically for RCC were identified. Morbid obesity was not associated with an increased risk of blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR] 1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.587-1.70; P = 1.0). The median (interquartile range) length of hospital stay (LOS) was 4 (3-6) days. Morbid obesity was not associated with longer LOS (P = 0.26) or 30-day hospital readmission rates (P = 1.0). Major complications (Clavien ≥ 3a) were recorded in 67 patients (7.95%). BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) was not a predictor of major complications (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.227-1.47; P = 0.251) or 90-day mortality (P = 0.4067). BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) was not associated with worse OS (P = 0.7), CSS (P = 0.2) or RFS (P = 0.5). BMI ≥ 35 kg/m(2) was also not associated with worse OS, CSS or RFS (P = 0.3, 0.1, 0.5, respectively). The 5-year OS rate was 68.9% for the entire cohort, including 69 and 70% for patients with BMI < 40 kg/m(2) and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) , respectively (P = 0.69). The 5-year CSS was 79.5% for the entire cohort, including 78.4 and 87.9% (P = 0.16) for patients with BMI < 40 kg/m(2) and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) , respectively. The 5-year RFS rates for BMI < 40 kg/m(2) and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) were 84.1 and 90.6%, respectively (P = 0.48)., Conclusions: Extreme obesity is not associated with worse peri-operative or cancer outcomes after surgery for RCC. Surgery should remain a standard treatment option in well selected morbidly obese patients., (© 2015 The Authors BJU International © 2015 BJU International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Unlabelled: What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Very few studies have examined end-of-life urological studies in men with prostate cancer. These studies reported fewer procedures in men who received primary therapy for prostate cancer. However, these studies were typically single institution or had a short follow-up period. The present study is the first population-based study examining end-of-life urological procedures and uses a geographic region encompassing 385 000 patients. Furthermore, this study incorporates both hospital- and office-based procedures. This approach has not been previously undertaken., Objective: To determine using a population-based approach whether men with end-stage prostate cancer who had definitive primary therapy might require fewer urological interventions. Repeated urological procedures can impact health-related quality of life in patients dying from prostate cancer., Patients and Methods: Using the Marshfield Epidemiological Study Area (MESA) database and tumour registry, we compared end-of-life interventions in men who died from prostate cancer between 1991 and 2009. Patient charts were queried for urological procedures using International Classification of Disease Modification, 9th edition (ICD9) codes for 3 years before death. Clinicopathological information was examined including whether the patient had a history of primary therapy (radiation or radical prostatectomy)., Results: Among 280 patients dying from prostate cancer, 52 (19%) required 153 urological procedures during the last 3 years of life. The frequency of procedures increased closer to death. The most common procedures involved nephrostomy tube (56%), Foley catheter (24%) and transurethral resection of the prostate (10%). Clinicopathological features did not predict the need for an end-of-life urological procedure. There was no difference in the frequency of upper or lower tract procedures in surgery or radiation patients compared with patients without primary therapy (P = 0.556 and P = 0.508). Using a Kaplan-Meier analysis, there were no differences between groups in the proportion of patients not requiring a procedure (n = 280; P = 0.179)., Conclusions: This is the first population-based study to examine the frequency of urological procedures in patients with end-stage prostate cancer. A minority of patients (19%) required urological procedures during the final 3 years of life. A history of surgery or radiation did not influence the overall risk for urological intervention., (© 2012 BJU INTERNATIONAL.)

Objective: To evaluate the recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate of patients taking cardioprotective aspirin after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for high-grade noninvasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, as preventing the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer might decrease patient morbidity and mortality from this disease, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) have shown promise in preclinical prevention through inhibition of the prostaglandin pathway and other mechanisms., Patients and Methods: In all, 43 patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS) and/or high-grade papillary bladder cancer were treated with intravesical BCG. Patients were stratified according to whether they took cardioprotective aspirin after treatment, and Kaplan-Meier curves of RFS were compared by log-rank analysis. Multivariable analysis was used for potentially confounding factors, including maintenance BCG, the presence of CIS, and smoking status., Results: Of patients taking cardioprotective aspirin, the 5-year RFS rate was 64.3%, compared with 26.9% for patients not taking aspirin, with a significantly higher RFS by univariable log rank analysis (P = 0.03). Even after adjusting for the other factors by multivariable analysis, aspirin seems to affect recurrence (hazard ratio 0.179, P = 0.001). Maintenance BCG (hazard ratio 0.233, P = 0.02) and smoking history (hazard ratio 3.199, P = 0.05) also significantly affected recurrence., Conclusion: There was a significantly higher RFS rate in patients taking cardioprotective aspirin after intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer. The results of this study support the further investigation of aspirin and other NSAIDs as preventive agents in patients being treated for superficial bladder cancer.