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Background: The association between impaired social cognition and bipolar disorder (BD) is well established. However, to our knowledge, there has not been a recent systematic review that characterizes disparate dimensions of social cognition in BD. Herein, this systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to synthesize the literature on core aspects of social cognition (i.e., Theory of Mind, emotion recognition, and social judgment) to identify potential areas of impairment. Methods: Online databases (i.e., PubMed, Cochrane Libraries, PsycINFO) and Google Scholar were searched from inception to May 2021. Studies with populations ages ≥16 with DSM‐IV or DSM‐5 defined BD (I or II) either in a euthymic or symptomatic state were included. The risk of bias was measured using the ROBINS‐1 tool, and the quality of the sources was evaluated using GRADE criteria. The results of the studies were quantitatively measured by synthesizing Hedge's g effect sizes through a random effects meta‐analytic approach. Results: A total of 29 studies were included in the final review (i.e., 12 studies on the Theory of Mind, 11 on emotion recognition, and 6 on social judgment). Overall, results demonstrated social cognition to be moderately impaired in individuals with BD (d = 0.59). The individual domains ranged in effect size (0.38 < d < 0.70), providing evidence for variation in impairment within social cognition. Discussion: Individuals with BD exhibit clinically significant deficits in social cognition during euthymic and symptomatic states. Social cognition impairments in individuals with BD are an important therapeutic target for treatment discovery and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Metabolically based distinctions for disturbances in glucose and insulin may provide meaningful insights both clinically and mechanistically. Methods: Data were derived from 352 subjects of previously completed clinical studies with a mood disorder (MD) (bipolar disorder: n = 179, major depressive disorder: n = 173) and 218 healthy controls from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long‐Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy. We conducted a factor analysis to replicate a priori dissociable factors informed by glucose and insulin levels and indices of insulin resistance and beta‐cell function: elevated insulin and insulin resistance ("insulin‐IR"), and increased fasting glucose and reduced insulin secretion ("glucotoxicity"). Cluster analyses were conducted, separately in men and women, to evaluate the clinical relevance of subtyping individuals with MDs using insulin‐IR and glucotoxicity (GT) factor scores. Results: Factors insulin‐IR and GT explained 92.64% and 92.09% of the variance in men and women respectively. Three clusters were replicated in men and women separately: metabolically healthy (MH), high GT, and insulin‐resistant (IR). After adjusting for age, gender, study cohort, MD diagnosis, and antipsychotics use, body mass index (BMI) and mean arterial pressure were higher in IR‐ vs GT‐ or MH‐clustered individuals; GT‐clustered individuals had more metabolic syndrome components and higher C‐reactive protein. Glucotoxic‐clustered subjects reported greater impairments in cognitive function and global functioning when compared to MH‐ or IR‐clustered subjects. Conclusions: Using simple, cost‐effective, and accessible measures, we identified stable, gender‐convergent, subgroups of individuals that significantly diverged on measures of cognitive dysfunction, self‐reported anhedonia, functional disability, BMI, and blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]