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DNA analysis can have great practical application in the management and successful operation of the farm. The application of DNA technology is becoming a tremendous challenge for farm breeding of domestic animals. In recent years, traditional selection methods have been supplement by the results of molecular analysis of the genome. Determining the genetic distance of sheep and goat breeds had practical and multiple significance. Microsatellites are used widely in the selection, and genomic selection is becoming an increasing challenge for breeders. The development of SNP chips brings an immense advanced for rapid and comprehensive analysis of the genome, which is of great importance for the successful selection and Genomic selection in sheep concentrated on all aspects of genetic and production directions. However, it should be noted that genomic selections in sheep breeding, and especially in goat breeding, take place at a slower pace compared to cattle breeding.

The strategy of conservation of endangered sheep populations implies morphological and genetic characterization, as basic preconditions for their conservation. The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric characteristics, their correlations and the index of physical development of Pirot pramenka, which has the status of the most endangered population in Serbia. The measuring was performed on 30 sheep, aged 3 years, reared in the area of Stara Planina. The descriptive statistical procedure was performed using the statistical package Statistica (version 8). The average height at the withers was 56.31 cm, body length 62.93 cm, chest width 18.37 cm, chest depth 25.96 cm, chest circumference 77.59 cm, shin circumference 6.70 cm. The strongest and significantly positive correlation (P <0.05) was found between chest depth and height at withers (0.65), body length (0.58) and body weight (0.56). Pirotska pramenka has slightly higher indices of format, chest and massiveness, in relation to breeds Vitoroga Žuja and Travnik Pramenka. These morphometric traits suggest that, compared to previous research, the body frame of Pirot pramenka sheep did not change significantly, which means that there were no crosses with other breeds due to geographical isolation and enthusiasm of breeders to preserve the indigenous Pirot pramenka which was the starting point for following authentic brands: Pirot lamb, cheese and carpet. Hence the biological and moral imperative: to preserve this highly endangered population.

Strategija očuvanja ugroženih populacija ovaca podrazumeva morfološku i genetsku karakterizaciju, kao osnovne preduslove za njihovu konzervaciju. Cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje morfometrijskih osobina,njihovih korelacija i indeksa telesne razvijenosti pirotske pramenke, koja ima status najugroženije populacije u Srbiji.Merenje je sprovedeno na 30 ovaca, uzrasta 3 godine, gajenih na području Stare planine.Deskriptivna statistička procedura je urađena korišćenjem statističkog paketa STATISTICA (version 8). Prosečna visina grebena ovaca je iznosila 56.31cm, dužina trupa 62.93cm, širina grudi 18.37cm, dubina grudi 25.96cm,obim grudi 77.59cm, obim cevanice 6.70cm. Najjača i značajno pozitivna korelacija je (P LT 0.05) je ustanovljena između dubine grudi i visine grebena (0.65), dužine trupa (0.58) i telesne mase (0.56). Pirotska pramenka je imala neznatno veće indekse formata, grudi i masivnosti, u odnosu na vitorogu žuju i travničku pramenku. Navedene morfometrijske osobine upucuju na zakljucak da se, u odnosu na ranija istrazivanja,telesni okvir ovaca pirotske pramenke nije značajnije menjao što znači da nije bilo ukrštanja sa drugim rasama iz razloga geografske izolovanosti i entuzijazma odgajivača da sačuvaju autohtonu pirotsku pramenku koja je iznedrila autentične brendove:pirotsko jagnje, pirotski kačkavalj i pirotski ćilim.Otuda je biološki i moralni imperativ:očuvati ovu visoko ugroženu populaciju., The strategy of conservation of endangered sheep populations implies morphological and genetic characterization, as basic preconditions for their conservation. The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric characteristics, their correlations and the index of physical development of Pirot pramenka, which has the status of the most endangered population in Serbia. The measuring was performed on 30 sheep, aged 3 years, reared in the area of Stara Planina. The descriptive statistical procedure was performed using the statistical package Statistica (version 8). The average height at the withers was 56.31 cm, body length 62.93 cm, chest width 18.37 cm, chest depth 25.96 cm, chest circumference 77.59 cm, shin circumference 6.70 cm. The strongest and significantly positive correlation (P LT 0.05) was found between chest depth and height at withers (0.65), body length (0.58) and body weight (0.56). Pirotska pramenka has slightly higher indices of format, chest and massiveness, in relation to breeds Vitoroga Žuja and Travnik Pramenka. These morphometric traits suggest that, compared to previous research, the body frame of Pirot pramenka sheep did not change significantly, which means that there were no crosses with other breeds due to geographical isolation and enthusiasm of breeders to preserve the indigenous Pirot pramenka which was the starting point for following authentic brands: Pirot lamb, cheese and carpet. Hence the biological and moral imperative: to preserve this highly endangered population.

Records of female lambs and their parents of the Mis sheep breed have used. All animals are approximately have weaned at 90 days of age. Descriptive statistics, paired sample test, paired differences, measures of association, correlations and regression of body weights between female lambs and their parents have done. A complementary least body weights at 30 days and weaning between dams and lambs but utmost weight at 30 days, the lambs were higher while at weaning, the dams had higher weight. It can observe that the averages on body weights the rams were the highest, followed by lambs and the lowest the dams’ body weights. The coefficient of determination of R2 varies from low to high, indicating that the lamb's body weight has more influenced by other factors that we have not considered.There were significant correlations between lamb body weight at birth and sire/dam body weight at birth. The results showed highly significant correlations of lamb's body weight at 30 days with dams but with sires, positive and very low. There had positive but no significant correlation between lamb body weight at weaning and sire body weight at weaning. Lamb body weight at weaning and dam body weight at weaning are highly correlated.

Quantitative genetic analysis of variability and relationship of lambs body weight traits in indigenous pirot sheep population are done. The the examined lambs had high variability which very suitable for selection on a larger weight. There is a high and very significant correlation between the body weight of lambs with 30 and 60 days (.969 **) and the weight with 30 and 90 days ( .914 **). There is also a highly significant correlation between the weights of lambs with 60 and 90 days of age (.904 **). From our research, we can see that the first month of the lamb's life is very important for the further development of the body. There is different level of correlation between weight of lambs. This gives us an idea to say that many paragenetic factors are crucial for the growth of lambs from birth to weaning. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) is 0.845 which means that 8.45% of the lamb's body weight variance at 90 days is determined by the variance of the set of predictor variables (PI-60, 30, 1). Each increase in lamb body weight during the observed periods of age is associated with an increase in the score of depending variable PI90. In particular, any increase in lamb body weight at birth by 1 kg is associated with an increase in lamb body weight from 90 days by 0.238 kg.

Crossbreeding serves as a predictable and cost-effective method to genetically increase lamb body weight by mating two or more breeds of sheep. The crossing over breed comes to a far greater number of combinations of genes and thus is more likely to express favorable allele carriers of economically important traits. The phenomenon of heterosis has used since the beginning of the last century. However, its genetic basis has remained unclear. From the very beginning of the knowledge of heterosis to the present day, there are several theories, but neither theory able to answer all questions that arise regarding the apparent strength of the F1 generation offspring. Not assert anything about the genetic or molecular phenomenon that causes heterosis. It has been increasingly experimentally confirmed that heterosis is the result of highly complex interactions within the genome as well as between the genome and the environment. In Serbia, some activity of domestic researchers regarding crossbreeding of sheep after the Second World War has been recorded up to date. It found out that crosses have a higher body weight than the maternal base in the F1 generation. In other words, they had better fattening capacity than purebreds. However, the results are not always in line with expectations due to the influence of various known and unknown factors.This review paper aims to draw attention to the phenomenon of heterosis through experience in its application in Serbia, in the hope that this biological phenomenon would clarify in the near future by applying modern scientific understandings and technologies.

The present study was conducted in 90 sheep and goats flocks from the territory of Vojvodina in the two years period of March 2016 to October 2017, during the grazing season. Tick infestation was deteected in 53.14% of examined animals. The most dominant was Ixodes ricinus (43.91%), followed by Dermacentor marginatus (31.91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (15.22%), R.sanguineus (8.72%), Hyalomma savignyi (3.72%),, Haemaphysalis punctata (3.21%) and D.pictus (2.72%) . The sex ratio of detected tick species showed a higher number of females in four species (I.ricinus, H.punctata, R.sanguineus and D.marginatus), while higher number of males were detected in two species (R.bursa and Hy.savignyi), and an equal number of ticks of the D.pictus. The population dynamics of recorded tick species showed two annual maxima, in spring (AprilMay) and in autumn (September-October). The considerable interchange between spring and autumn tick populations can be attributed mainly to environmental conditions., Studija je rađena tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda od marta 1996. do oktobra 2017. godine, tokom pašne sezone, na 90 stada ovaca i koza u Vojvodini. Infestacija krpeljima je ustanovljena kod 53,14% životinja. Dominantna vrsta krpelja je bila Ixodes ricinus (43,91%), slede Dermacentor marginatus (31,91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (15,22%), R.sanguineus (8,72%), Hyalomma savignyi (3,72%),, Haemaphysalis punctata (3,21%) i D.pictus (2,72%). Odnos polova je bio u korist ženki kod četiri vrste (I.ricinus, H.punctata, R.sanguineus i D.marginatus), dok su mužjaci bili brojniji kod dve vrste (R.bursa i Hy.savignyi). Jednak broj mužjaka i ženki je ustanovljen kod samo jedne vrste krpelja - D.recticulatus. Populaciona dinamika je pokazala da nađene vrste krpelja imaju dva sezonska maksimuma u proleće (april-maj) i u jesen (septembar-oktobar). Brojnost populacije tokom ovih sezonskih maksimuma je u direktnoj korelaciji sa životnim uslovima (temparatura,vlaga).

Studija je rađena tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda od marta 1996. do oktobra 2017. godine, tokom pašne sezone, na 90 stada ovaca i koza u Vojvodini. Infestacija krpeljima je ustanovljena kod 53,14% životinja. Dominantna vrsta krpelja je bila Ixodes ricinus (43,91%), slede Dermacentor marginatus (31,91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (15,22%), R.sanguineus (8,72%), Hyalomma savignyi (3,72%),, Haemaphysalis punctata (3,21%) i D.pictus (2,72%). Odnos polova je bio u korist ženki kod četiri vrste (I.ricinus, H.punctata, R.sanguineus i D.marginatus), dok su mužjaci bili brojniji kod dve vrste (R.bursa i Hy.savignyi). Jednak broj mužjaka i ženki je ustanovljen kod samo jedne vrste krpelja - D.recticulatus. Populaciona dinamika je pokazala da nađene vrste krpelja imaju dva sezonska maksimuma u proleće (april-maj) i u jesen (septembar-oktobar). Brojnost populacije tokom ovih sezonskih maksimuma je u direktnoj korelaciji sa životnim uslovima (temparatura,vlaga)., The present study was conducted in 90 sheep and goats flocks from the territory of Vojvodina in the two years period of March 2016 to October 2017, during the grazing season. Tick infestation was deteected in 53.14% of examined animals. The most dominant was Ixodes ricinus (43.91%), followed by Dermacentor marginatus (31.91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (15.22%), R.sanguineus (8.72%), Hyalomma savignyi (3.72%),, Haemaphysalis punctata (3.21%) and D.pictus (2.72%) . The sex ratio of detected tick species showed a higher number of females in four species (I.ricinus, H.punctata, R.sanguineus and D.marginatus), while higher number of males were detected in two species (R.bursa and Hy.savignyi), and an equal number of ticks of the D.pictus. The population dynamics of recorded tick species showed two annual maxima, in spring (AprilMay) and in autumn (September-October). The considerable interchange between spring and autumn tick populations can be attributed mainly to environmental conditions.

Ukrštanje služi kao predvidljiva i isplativa metoda za genetsko povećavanje mase tela janjadi i drugih osobina, kombinovanim parenjem dve ili više rasa ovaca. Ovim postupkom se teoretski dolazi do daleko većeg broja kombinacija gena i na taj način je verovatnije da će se desitii povoljnije alelne veze nosioci ekonomski važnih osobina. Fenomen heterozisa se izućava i ukrštanjem praktično koristi od početka prošlog veka. Međutim, njegova genetska osnova je ostala nejasna. Od samog početka saznanja o heterozisu pa do danas, postoji nekoliko teorija, ali nijedna nije u stanju da odgovori na sva pitanja koja se javljaju u vezi sa očiglednom snagom potomstva generacije F1. Nema ozbiljnijih saznanja o molekularnom fenomenu koji uzrokuje heterozis. Sve više je eksperimentalno potvrđeno da je heterozis rezultat veoma složenih interakcija unutar genoma, kao i između genoma i okoline. U Srbiji je do danas zabeležena određena aktivnost domaćih istraživača u vezi sa ukrštanjem ovaca posle drugog svetskog rata. Došlo se do saznanja da melezi imaju veću telesnu masu od majčine rase u F1 generaciji. Drugim rečima, imali su bolje performanse tova od istokrvnih populacija. Međutim, rezultati nisu uvek u skladu sa očekivanjima usled uticaja raznih poznatih i nepoznatih faktora. Takođe svetsko iskustvo u primeni heterozisa pokazuje da postoji i negativan efekat ili nezadovoljavajući u odnosu na očekivani bez obzira na ispunjenost uslova u smislu današnjeg shvatanja heterozisa. Ovaj pregledni rad ima za cilj da skrene pažnju na fenomen heterozisa iskustvom primene u Srbiji, u nadi da će se ovaj biološki fenomen razjasniti u bliskoj budućnosti primenom savremenijih naučnih tehnologija i shvatanja funkcije i uloge gena., Crossbreeding serves as a predictable and cost-effective method to genetically increase lamb body weight by mating two or more breeds of sheep. The crossing over breed comes to a far greater number of combinations of genes and thus is more likely to express favorable allele carriers of economically important traits. The phenomenon of heterosis has used since the beginning of the last century. However, its genetic basis has remained unclear. From the very beginning of the knowledge of heterosis to the present day, there are several theories, but neither theory able to answer all questions that arise regarding the apparent strength of the F1 generation offspring. Not assert anything about the genetic or molecular phenomenon that causes heterosis. It has been increasingly experimentally confirmed that heterosis is the result of highly complex interactions within the genome as well as between the genome and the environment. In Serbia, some activity of domestic researchers regarding crossbreeding of sheep after the Second World War has been recorded up to date. It found out that crosses have a higher body weight than the maternal base in the F1 generation. In other words, they had better fattening capacity than purebreds. However, the results are not always in line with expectations due to the influence of various known and unknown factors.This review paper aims to draw attention to the phenomenon of heterosis through experience in its application in Serbia, in the hope that this biological phenomenon would clarify in the near future by applying modern scientific understandings and technologies.

It is proposed to grow rabbits in the modern production technology with the use of the developed technology of using recycled materials in the construction of cages for keeping rabbits. It is also proposed to use interbreed crossing of New Zealand White breed and Flanders, and also breeds Californian and Flanders breed., Predlaže se uzgoj zečeva u savremenoj proizvodnoj tehnologiji uz korišćenje razvijene tehnologije upotrebe recikliranih materijala u izgradnji kaveza za držanje zečeva. Takođe se predlaže korišćenje meleza novozelandske bele rase i flandrijske rase zečeva, kao i meleza kalifornijske i flandrijske rasa.

The effect of Eco-fish meal, as an alternative to fish meal, on the production performance of the lambs of the Mis population in the intensive fattening, was investigated. The experiment was carried out on 40 lambs, the average age of 30 days, divided in 2 groups. In addition to mother's milk, the lambs were given a concentrated mixture and a lucerne hay, at will. Isoprotein forage mixtures (16% of total proteins) differed in terms of the protein component. The protein source for treatment I had fish meal, while the animals on treatment II consumed EcoFish, a herbal substitute for fish meal, which consisted of domestic foods of known origin such as genetically unmodified and thermally treated meal of decorticated soybean grains, soybean protein isolates, gluten, livestock yeast with the addition of minerals, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes and other additives. Statistical processing of the obtained data was done using the SPSS STATISTICA, Version 20. On treatments I and II, the average daily lamb gain was 320 and 283 g, respectively, without statistical significance. The consumption of dry matter and proteins in analogue treatments was 0.819 and 0.823 kg, and 152.62 and 157.04 g, respectively. The dry matter consumption per kilogram of gain (kg/kg of gain) was 2.56 and 2.91; of energy (MJ NEM/kg): 17.65 and 20.25; of total proteins: 476.9 and 554.9 g, respectively. The protein efficiency ratio - PER (g of gain/g of consumed protein) in analogue treatments was: 2.09 and 1.80. There were no statistically significant differences between examined treatments (P> 0.05). Considering that the source of protein did not significantly affect the intensity of growth and the use of food by lambs of Mis population in intensive fattening (P>0.05), fish meal can be replaced by Eco-fish meal - plant protein, since according to Commission Decision 9/2001 on BCE protection (OJEC, 2001), there is a distance to the use of fish meal, as a source of protein., Ispitivan je uticaj eko fiš meal kao alternative ribljem brašnu, na proizvodne performanse jagnjadi Mis populacije, u intenzivnom tovu. Eksperiment je izveden na 40 jagnjadi, prosečnog uzrasta 30 dana, raspoređenih u 2 grupe. Pored majčinog mleka, jagnjad su dobijala koncentrovanu smešu i lucerkino seno po volji. Izoproteinske krmne smeše (16% ukupnih proteina) su se razlikovale u pogledu proteinske komponente.Izvor proteina na tretmanu I je bilo riblje brašno, dok su grla na tretmanu II konzumirala Eko fiš meal-biljnu zamenu za riblje brašno, koja se se sastojala od domaćih hraniva poznatog porekla kao što su genetski nemodifikovano i termički obrađeno brašno oljuštenog zrna soje, izolat proteina soje, glutena, stočnog kvasca uz dodatak minerala, aminokiselina, vitamina, enzima i drugih dodataka. Statistička obrada dobijenih podataka je izvršena korišćenjem SPSS STATISTICA, Version 20. Na tretmanima I i II, prosečan dnevni prirast jagnjadi je iznosio: 320 i 283 g, bez statističke značajnosti. Konzumiranje suve materije i proteina na analognim tretmanima, je iznosilo: 0.819 : 0.823 kg, odnosno 152,62 : 157,04g. Utrošak suve materije po kilogramu prirasta je(kg/kg prirasta) je iznosio: 2,56 : 2,91; energije (MJ NEM/kg): 17,65 : 20,25; ukupnih proteina: 476,9 : 554,9 g. Efikasnost iskorišćavanja proteina - PER (g prirasta/g konzumiranog proteina) na analognim tretmanima je iznosila: 2,09 i 1,80. Nisu ustanovljene statistički značajne razlike između ispitivanih tretmana (P>0,05). Obzirom da izvor proteina nije značajno uticao na intenzitet rasta i iskorišćavanje hrane kod jagnjadi Mis populacije u intenzivnom tovu (P>0,05), riblje brašno se može zameniti Eko fiš-meal- biljnim izvorom proteina, budući da prema odluci Komisije 9/2001 o zaštiti BCE (OJEC, 2001),postoji distanca prema korišćenju ribljeg brašna, kao izvoru proteina.

Molecular markers are essential tool for determining the specific genetic makeup of an individual and are valuable approach for genetic improvement of farm animals. In cattle breeding their application is useful for improvement of breeding programs for desired traits, better productivity and high quality products. These markers provide more accurate genetic information and better knowledge of the animal genetic resources. In this review we attempt to make a brief summary on the application of one of more advanced DNA-based molecular markers in cattle breeding, namely short tandem repeat (STR, microsatellites)., Molekularni markeri su suštinsko sredstvo za određivanje specifičnog genetičkog sastava pojedinca i predstavljaju dragoceni pristup genetičkom oplemenjivanju farmskih životinja. U stočarstvu njihova primena je korisna za poboljšanje programa odgajivanja za željene osobine, veću produktivnost i proizvode visokog kvaliteta. Ovi markeri pružaju preciznije genetske informacije i bolje poznavanje genetičkih resursa životinja. U ovom preglednom radu pokušavamo da napravimo kratak pregled o primeni jednog naprednijeg molekularnig markera zasnovanog na DNK u stočarstvu, a to su kratki tandemski ponovci (STR, mikrosateliti).

Razmotreni su i neki problemi savremene analize genoma domaćih životinja i mogućnosti primene rezultata istraživanja u selekciji. Analiza molekularne osnove domaćih životinja napredovala je brzo. Danas, koristeći savremenu analizu DNK, može se sa značajnom pouzdanošću predvideti odgajivačka vrednost domaćih životinja. Na osnovu intuicije naučnika početkom 20. veka, a posle pola veka otkriveni su genetski markeri. Na taj način je, tradicionalni metod selekcije integrisan sa molekularnim tehnikama i počelo se sa primenom selekcije pomoću markera (MAS). Mikrosateliti su privukli veliku pažnju naučnika jer su rasprostranjeni u genomu i imaju visok nivo polimorfizma. Nakon toga, hiljade SNP-a su otkriveni sa svojom tačnom pozicijom u genomu. Ovaj vrlo pouzdan metod za analizu genoma pokazuje promenu samo jedne nukleotidne baze u molekulu DNK. Savremena dostignuća molekularne genetike otvorila su put za praktičnu primenu u selekciji svih vrsta domaćih životinja. Danas je kombinacija molekularne ili genomske selekcije kombinovana sa tradicionalnom veoma pouzdanom metodom za bržu i preciznu procenu odgajivačke vrednosti životinja., Some problems of modern analysis of the genome of domestic animals and the possibility of applying the results of the research in the selection have considered. Molecular genome analysis has progressed rapidly. Today, using modern DNA analysis, the domestic animals breeding value can be safely foreseen. Based on the scientist's intuition of early-20th century, after half a century, genetic markers had discovered. Thus, the traditional selection method has integrated with molecular techniques of selection by applying marker-assisted selection (MAS). Microsatellites have attracted great attention from scientists because they are widespread in the genome and have a high level of polymorphism. Thousands of SNPs have discovered with their exact position in the genome. This very reliable method occurred for analyzing the genome which shows the change of only one nucleotide base into the DNA molecule. All modern achievements of molecular genetics have opened the way for practical application in the selection of all kinds of domestic animals. Today, a combination of molecular or genomic selection combined with a traditional is very reliable method for a faster, more accurate assessment of the breeding value of animals.

Accurate and precise milk recording is one of the most important moments for a successful selection of milking goats. In this context, breeders are constantly making efforts to find the most suitable and cheapest methods for conducting of tests for milk production. The goal of this research was to compare the A4 method (as referent method) with AC method (as alternative method), for determination of milk production, on the day of recording of the indigenous Balkan goat, in the period of 2014-2016 with milking of goats in the morning and evening. It was determined that the difference between the predicted daily milk yield with one milking (in the morning or evening) and the measured milk yield using the A4 method is too low and almost negligible. With the analysis of all factors (year, lactation and number of milk tests), it was determined that the prediction of total daily milk yield, based on the evening milking, provides more accurate result, in relation to the prediction during morning milking, in cases when using the AC method., Precizna i tačna kontrola mlečnosti je jedan od najvažnijih trenutaka za uspešan izbor koza za mužu. U ovom kontekstu, uzgajivači konstantno pokušavaju da pronađu najprikladnije i najjeftinije metode za sprovođenje testova za proizvodnju mlijeka. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je upoređivanje metoda A4 (kao referentnog metoda) metode i AC (kao alternativnom metodom), za određivanje proizvodnje mleka, na dan evidentiranja, kod autohtone balkanske koze, u periodu 2014-2016. godine, sa mužom koza koja se izvodila ujutru i veče. Utvrđeno je da je razlika između predviđenog dnevnog prinosa mlijeka sa jednom mužom (ujutro ili uveče) i izmerenim prinosom mlijeka metodom A4 bila mala i skoro zanemarljiva. Analizom svih faktora (godina, laktacija i broj ispitivanja testova) utvrđeno je da predviđanje ukupnog dnevnog prinosa mlijeka, zasnovano na večernjoj muži, daje tačniji rezultat, u odnosu na predviđanje tokom jutarnje muže, u slučajevima kada se koristi AC metod.

This paper analyzes the present state of sheep farming in Serbia and provide guidance for sustainable development in the future. It also discusses the challenges of the modern age that may affect the viability of sheep production. Today in Serbia grows less than 1.5 million sheep. In terms of breed structures, most of the population makes indigenous Pramenka sheep (80%), while the remaining 20% are: Tsigai, Merinolandschaf, Ile de France, Pirot improved, Mis sheep, and other less important population, as well as the crossbreed with foreign and local domestic sheep. However, due to the intense process of industrialization, from the second half of the twentieth century until today there is a trend of depopulation, demographic discharge of the village, which has resulted in reducing the farms so that the number of sheep in the past two decades fell by about 30%. The greatest reduction in the number of sheep registered in the nineties. After stabilization, a large decrease in the number of sheep was followed by the 2010th year and by 6% compared to 2008 year. Genetical improvement is significantly increased level of production of all species of domestic animals. However, animals selected for high and efficient production are exposed to greater risk. This primarily refers to the physiological and immunological problems, but would generally be said that all this leads to distortion of harmony between the organism and the environment and the repercussions on the molecular level. Sustainable development of sheep breeding in Serbia must be kept in mind this reality. New challenges facing the sheep breeding of Serbia, stems from a political orientation toward membership in the European Union. Sheep Serbia must find its place in this new challenge., Ovaj rad analizira sadašnje stanje ovčarstva u Srbiji i daje smernice za održivi razvoj u budućnosti. On takođe raspravlja o izazovima modernog doba koji mogu uticati na održivost ovčarske proizvodnje. Srbija danas raspolaže sa nešto manje od 1,5 miliona ovaca. U pogledu rasne strukture, većinu čini pramenkalokalne autohtone ovce, dok preostalih 15- 20% su: Cigaja, Merinolandschaf, Ile de France, Pirotska oplemenjena, novo proizvedena Mis ovca, i druge manje važne populacije, kao i melezi sa inostranim rasama. Međutim, zbog intenzivnog procesa industrijalizacije, od druge polovine dvadesetog veka do danas postoji trend smanjenja seoskog stanovništva i pražnjenja sela, što je rezultiralo smanjenjem farmi, tako da je broj ovaca u poslednje dve decenije opao za oko 30%. Najveći pad broja ovaca registrovan je tokom devedesetih. Posle stabilizacije, veliki pad u broju ovaca je usledio 2010. godine za 6% u odnosu na 2008. godinu. Genetsko unapređenje je poslednjih decenija znatno povećalo nivo proizvodnje svih vrsta domaćih životinja. Međutim, životinje selekcionisane za visoku i efikasnu proizvodnju izloženi su većem riziku. Ovo se prvenstveno odnosi na fiziološke i imunološke probleme, ali bi se generalno moglo reći da je sve to dovelo do narušavanja harmonije između organizma i sredine i posledica na molekularnom nivou. Održivi razvoj ovčarstva Srbije mora imati u vidu ovu realnost. Novi izazovi sa kojima se suočava ovčarstvo Srbije, proističu i iz političke orijentacije ka članstvu u Evropskoj uniji. Zbog svih pomenutih razloga ovčarstvo Srbije mora naći svoje pravo mesto u svetlu novih izazova.

For the purpose of realization of the project of development of sustainable sheep production systems, in this paper, the major influences on production parameters of sheep in conditions of Stara Planina Mountain are investigated. Using the knowledge of gene effects, with good breeding programs, it is possible to realize, with more or less success, planned annual genetic progress of traits which are of interest to the breeders. This relates first of all on gain of lambs and milk yield in sheep. As already known, traits of body development and milk production vary depending on the factors of hereditary nature, but also factors of the environment. Therefore, the level of application of selection-breeding criteria is of great practical importance, which is confirmed also in this paper, and level of significance was statistically confirmed. Also, for complete creation of the program of improvement of sheep milk and meat production it is important to be aware of the effect of the breed itself, as well as of type of birth on production parameters, which was taken into consideration during investigation, processing and presentation of data in this paper. Obtained results show that majority of observed factors had significant effect on realized production of sheep., Za razvoj održive ovčarske proizvodnje, između ostalog, neophodna je primena visokih kriterijuma selekcije i odgajivanja. Cilj ovog rada je da ukaže na praktičan značaj nivoa primene kriterijuma selekcije i odgajivanja u proizvodnji mesa i mleka ovaca u ekstenzivnom sistemu gajenja na Staroj planini. Proizvodnja mesa i mleka ovaca na Staroj planini je tradicionalna i istorijski posmatrano, uglavnom je zasnovana na gajenju pirotske pramenke, kao lokalne populacije u ekstenzivnim proizvodnim sistemima. Ova rasa kao i većina lokalnih populacija poseduje solidan genetski potencijal za prirast jagnjadi i mlečnost ovaca, ali da bi se taj potencijal ispoljio, potrebna je primena viših kriterijuma selekcije i odgajivanja, što uglavnom nije slučaj. Pored pramenke od druge polovine XX veka na području pirotskog dela Stare planine uvedena je u primenu i nova populacija-pirotska oplemenjena ovca. Ona se takođe u većini slučajeva gaji kao i pirotska pramenka, mada ove dve rase u genetskom smislu imaju veoma malo zajedničkog. Kao što je poznato, osobine telesnog razvoja i mlečnosti ovaca variraju u zavisnosti od mnogih faktora nasledne prirode ali i različitih spoljnih uticaja. Zato je nivo primene selekcijsko odgajivačkih kriterijuma, od velikog praktičnog značaja, što potvrđuju i rezultati istraživanja u ovom radu, a što je takođe i statistički potvrđeno. Pored toga za kompletno kreiranje programa unapređenja proizvodnje mesa i mleka ovaca, značajno je poznavanje uticaja same rase, kao i tipa rođenja na proizvodne parametre, o čemu se tokom istraživanja, obrade i prikazivanja dobijenih podataka vodilo posebno računa. Dobijeni rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je većina posmatranih faktora imala značajan uticaj na ostvarenu proizvodnju. .

The experiment included 30 lambs-crosses F1 generation: Pirot Pramenka (50%) x Württemberg (50%) and 30 crossbred F1 generations: Pirot Pramenka (12.5%) x Württemberg(37.5) x Ille de France (50%), weaned at 60 days of age, the average body weight of 18.0 kg. The mixtures varied in protein source: I - sunflower meal, II - soybean meal and III - fish meal. The share of undegradable protein was 43 : 51 : 58 %. The average diameter of the fibres in lambs on treatments I:II:III was 26.14 : 24.96 : 25.20 μm, and of two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses: 25.38 and 25.49 μm. The average height of the wool fibre in lambs on treatments I:II:III was: 2.97 : 3.06 : 3.17 cm, and in two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 2.98 : 3.15 cm. The average length of the fibre in lambs on protein sources I:II:III was 4.62 : 5.08 : 5.11 cm and in two-breed (PXW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 4.77 : 5.11 cm. Protein source in feed mixtures, and genotype of lambs significantly influenced the quality of wool expressed through diameter, height and length of the fibres., Eksperimentom je obuhvaćeno 30 jagnjadi-meleza F1 generacije pirotska pramenka (50%) x virtemberg (50%) i 30 meleza F1 generacije: pirotska pramenka (12,5%) x virtemberg (37.5) x Il de frans (50%), odbijenih na 60 dana starosti, prosečne telesne mase 18,0 kg. Smeše su se razlikovale u izvoru proteina: I - suncokretova sačma, II - sojina sačme i III - riblje brašno. Udeo nesvarljivih proteina je 43: 51: 58%. Prosečan prečnik vlakana u jagnjadi na tretmanima I: II: III je bio 26.14: 24.96: 25.20 μm, a kod dvorasnih (PxW) i trorasnih meleza (PxWxIDF): 25.38 i 25.49 μm. Prosečna visina vune u jagnjadi na tretmanima I: II: III je bila: 2.97: 3.06: 3.17 cm, a kod dvorasnih (PxW) i trorasnih (PxWxIDF) meleza: 2.98: 3.15 cm. Prosečna dužina vlakana u jagnjad na proteinskim izvorima I:II:III je bila 4.62: 5.08: 5.11 cm, a kod dvorasnih (PxW) i trorasnih (PxWxIDF) meleza 4.77: 5.11 cm. Izvor proteina u smešama hrane, kao i genotip jagnjadi, značajno su uticali na kvalitet vune izražen kroz prečnika, visinu i dužinu vlakana.

The purpose of the survey was to determine a bond between certain factors that affect most of the production traits in crossbreeds between Awassi and Ovchepolian indigenous sheep in Macedonia. We implemented 1145 individual lactation controls in two years of production (2012 and 2013). The impact of individual factors is studied using F-test and the analyses are made using SPSS set of programs. Many factors (lactation, lambing month and number of milk controls) had highly significant impact (P (lt) 0.001) on daily milk production (morning, evening and total milk, fat percentage and fat kg) in this breed of sheep. Only fertility had no impact on any of the examined factors, with the exception of total daily milk, on which manifested with highly significant impact (P (lt) 0.01). The average milk yield in examined crossbred sheep was 109 ± 0.479 l in two years of production, while the production of milked milk was 72 ± 0.421 l for the same period of time. The length of lactation period in these sheep was average 203 ± 0.61 days, for two analysed years. In relation to the age, in second lactation sheep was determined somewhat higher daily milk yield (0.478 ±0.01 l.), compared to sheep in first lactation (0.475 ± 0.01 l.). This is quite logical, keeping in mind the lactation curve in sheep, especially those of dairy breeds to which Awassi breed belongs., Cilj ovih istraživanja, bio je da se utvrdi veza između nekih faktora koji imaju uticaj na proizvodna svojstva kod meleza između rase Awassi i autohtone ovčepoljske ovce u Makedoniji. Uključili smo ukupno 1145 individualnih laktacijskih kontrola, u toku dve proizvodne godine (2012 i 2013). Uticaj posebnih faktora ispitivan je pomoću F-testa, dok su analize dobijenih podatka urađene pomoću programskog paketa SPSS. Veći broj faktora (laktacija, mesec jagnjenja i broj kontrole mlečnosti) imali su visoko značajan uticaj (P (lt) 0.001) na dnevnu proizvodnju mleka (jutarnje, večernje i ukupno mleko, % mlečne masti i kg mlečne masti). Jedino plodnost nije imala nikakav uticaj na ispitivane faktore, osim na ukupnu dnevnu produkciju mleka, gde je manifestovan visoko značajan uticaj (P (lt) 0.01). Prosečna laktacijska mlečnost kod ispitivanih meleza, bila je 109 ±0.479 l za dve proizvodne godine, dok je proizvodnja muznog mleka u istom periodu bila 72 ± 0,421 l. Dužina laktacijskog perioda u toku dve ispitivane godine u proseku je bila 203 ± 0,61 dana. U odnosu na uzrast, kod meleza u drugoj laktaciji je utvrđena nešto veća dnevna mlečnost (0.478 ±0.01 l.) u poređenju sa melezima u prvoj laktaciji (0.475 ± 0.01 l.). Ovo je sasvim logično imajući u vidu laktacijske krive kod ovce, posebno kod mlečne rase, gde pripada i Awassi rasa.

The objective of the present study was to investigate nutritional and metabolic status in Simmental cows during early and mid-lactation. Fifteen early lactating cows and 15 mid lactating cows were chosen for the investigation. Blood samples were collected to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), glucose and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST). Early lactation as compared to mid lactating cows were found to have significantly higher (P (lt) 0.05) blood serum concentrations of NEFA, BHB and AST and lower blood serum concentrations of glucose (P (lt) 0.05) and TG (P>0.05). Significantly negative correlations were observed between BHB and glucose (P (lt) 0.01), BHB and TG (P (lt) 0.05), NEFA and glucose (P (lt) 0.05). Significantly positive correlations were observed between NEFA and BHB (P (lt) 0.05), NEFA and AST (P (lt) 0.05), glucose and TG (P (lt) 0.01). The results suggest that these parameters can serve as useful indicators of the nutritional and metabolic status of dairy cows during lactation., Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita matabolički i hranidbeni status mlečnih krava simentalske rase za vreme rane laktacije i tokom sredine laktacije. 15 mlečnih krava na početku laktacije i 15 tokom sredine laktacije je odabrano za ispitivanje. Uzorci krvi su uzeti i merene su vrednosti za beta-hidroksi-buternu kiselinu (BHB), slobodne masne kiseline (NEFA), trigliceride (TG), glukozu i aktivnosti aspartat-amino transaminaze (AST). Krave na početku laktacije su imale statistički značajno veće koncentracije (P (lt) 0.05) NEFA, BHB i AST u krvi i značajno niže vrednosti za glukozu i trigliceride (P (lt) 0.05). Statistički značajne negativne korelacije su utvrđene između vrednosti BHB i glukoze (P (lt) 0.01), BHB i TG (P (lt) 0.05), NEFA i glukoze (P (lt) 0.05). Statistički značajne korelacije su utvrđene između NEFA i BHB (P (lt) 0.05), NEFA i AST (P (lt) 0.05), glukoze i TG (P (lt) 0.01). Rezultati ukazuju da ovi parametri krvi mogu biti korisni pokazatelji metaboličkog i hranidbenog statusa kod mlečnih krava za vreme laktacije.

In this paper, fertility parameters of sheep are discussed and principles analyzed in order to obtain the optimal methods for their evaluation. Mathematical procedures for evaluation of genetic and phenotypic parameters and anticipation of genetic values, today, are mainly based on different linear and non-linear concepts, therefore it is necessary to accept the reality that there is no absolute accuracy. Special emphasis is on the possibility of use of physiological quantitative fertility indicators in sheep selection, considering that there is correlation between them and fertility traits. In this regard, the degree of response to direct and indirect selection within population is analyzed in order to established the nature of parameters necessary for evaluation of data and determine the relative degree of such response., U radu se razmatraju parametri plodnosti ovaca i analiziraju principi iznalaženja optimalnih metoda za njihovu procenu. Ističe se da su matematički postupci za procenu genetskih i fenotipskih parametara i predviđanje genetskih vrednosti danas uglavnom zasnovani na različitim linearnim i ne linearnim konceptima, pa je zbog toga potrebno prihvatiti realnost da potpuna tačnost za sada ne postoji. Poseban akcenat se stavlja na mogućnost korišćenja fizioloških kvantitativnih pokazatelja u selekciji ovaca na plodnost, s obzirom da postoji korelacija između njih i osobina plodnosti. U tom smislu, analizira se stepen odgovora na direktnu i indirektnu selekciju unutar populacije, kako bi se ustanovila priroda parametara neophodnih za ocenu podataka i utvrdili relativni stepeni takvog odgovora.

Considering that total variability of milk traits in sheep within single population greatly depends on factors of genetic nature, objective of this paper was to investigate the trend of genetics parameters in populations raised in Pirot region, in order to create more efficient selection program in regard to milk production. Obtained and processed results of investigation have demonstrated that investigated traits occupy central heritability values. Degree of heritability for protein and fat had higher values in relation to other observed traits. Weak and negative genetic correlation is present between fat content and other traits whereas strong and positive correlation was determined for milk quantity and fat content and protein. Statistical analysis confirmed absence of significant differences between sheep of Pirot Pramenka breed and improved Pirot population. This research has also demonstrated that in selection of sheep in regard to milk traits and production special attention should be directed to importance of genetic parameters considering that with the increase of quantity of milk not only content of fat but also of protein are reduced, which can influence the economical efficiency on farm in system of payments for milk according to its quality., U radu je izvršena analiza genetskih parametara važnijih osobina mlečnosti u populacijama pirotske pramenke i pirotske oplemenjene ovce. Dobijeni i obrađeni rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da ispitivane osobine imaju srednji nivo heritabiliteta, pri čemu su vrednosti stepena naslednosti za protein i mast veće u odnosu na ostala posmatrana svojstva, što se svakako mora imati u vidu prilikom kreiranja programa selekcije. Ustanovljena su pozitivna i negativna odstupanja u ispitivanim osobinama. Slaba i negativna korelacija prisutna je između sadržaja masti i drugih osobina dok je jaka i pozitivna povezanost utvrđena između količine mleka i količine masti. odnosno proteina. Ne postoje statistički značajne razlike između ovaca rase pirotska pramenka i pirotske oplemenjene populacije.

The system of livestock breeding as well as influence of more important factors of genetic nature on milk yield of sheep and cattle populations on the territory of Stara Planina Mountain, more specific region of the town Pirot, is analyzed in this paper. Results of the investigation have demonstrated that existing system of production can not be regarded as satisfactory, but considering the potential, it is necessary to make a great effort in order to achieve improvement of livestock production. Milkiness of sheep and cattle in this region is within the limits for specific breed however, by improving the breeding system better results could be achieved. Positive and negative genetic correlation of observed milk traits in sheep and cattle, was determined. If we accept the fact that sheep and cow milk originating from this region has specific quality traits due to the specificity of the region, and therefore essential role in production of Dojkinci hard cheese - kachkaval of Pirot type, then results obtained in this way could be indicator of more efficient application of improvement programmes in order to increase the production of milk and cheese., U radu je analiziran sistem stočarstva i uticaj važnijih faktora genetske prirode na mlečnost populacija ovaca i goveda, na području pirotskog dela Stare planine. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da postojeći sistem proizvodnje nije zadovoljavajući, ali obzirom na dobar potencijal, neophodno je uložiti ozbiljan napor na unapređenju stočarstva. Mlečnost ovaca i goveda na ovom području je u granicama za dotične rase ali se uz poboljšanje sistema gajenja, kao i putem genetskog unapređenja mogu ostvariti daleko bolji rezultati. Utvrđena je pozitivna i negativna genetska povezanost posmatranih osobina mlečnosti ovaca i goveda. Ako se prihvati činjenica da ovčije i kravlje mleko sa ovog područja imaju posebne karakteristike zbog specifičnosti samog područja, a time i odlučujuću ulogu u proizvodnji dojkinačkog (tipa pirotskog) kačkavalja, onda rezultati do kojih se došlo mogu biti pokazatelj za efikasnije projektovanje oplemenjivačkih programa u cilju povećanja proizvodnje mleka i sira.

Based on results of performed investigations and analysis of existing conditions relating to technological process in production of kachkaval, we propose the following: To determine the causes of disturbed secretion in case of cows and sheep, investigate the mechanism of proteolytic activity and explain the origin (endogenous or exogenous); Goat milk should be delivered to dairies separately; control of temperature and relative humidity in departments for maturing and drying of cheese; introduction of whey and water separation; in that case, butter can be produced from separated cream. In order to successfully realize project it is also necessary to investigate location of the dairy in Dojkinci in relation to raw material status in different seasons of the year, and take certain measures for improvement of hygienic condition of milk throughout entire technological process: milking, delivering to dairies, storage, transport, etc.; obligatory introduction of basic routine milk analysis when delivered to dairies (volume, acidity, etc.); Introduction of technological log - diary for certain phases of production of kachkaval is also necessary. Finally, subsequent to standardization of entire technological process activities related to obtaining of brand name for such product with determined geographical origin are of great importance., Stara planina spada u red najpoznatijih stočarskih regiona Srbije. Tokom istorije ovom planinom su prolazila nebrojena stada ovaca i gajilo se mnogo goveda. Zahvaljujući toj činjenici, koja je rezultat izvanrednih prirodnih uslova za bavljenje stočarstvom, javili su se i postali poznati širom sveta proizvodi kao: pirotski kačkavalj, pirotsko jagnje i pirotski ćilim. Posle vekovima uspešnog stočarstva Stare planine, poslednih decenija XX veka krenuo je ne zadrživ proces stagnacije, što je praćeno ne samo smanjenjem proizvodnje i redukcijom broja seoskog stanovništa već i odumiranjem pojedinih sela. Da paradoks bude veći tražnja za proizvodima sa ovog područja pre svega kačkavalja ne prestaje i biva sve veća. Promene u pogledu privrednog razvoja naše zemlje koje su u toku osvetlile su zaboravljenu Staru planinu i pirotski kačkavalj, jer se shvatilo da Srbija može ponuditi svetskom tržištu baš te, već poznate specijalitete sa prirodno ne zagađenih područja. Da bi se to i desilo bilo je neophodno započeti projekat koji će na naučnim osnovama omogućiti sagledavanje potencijala i pokazati pravi put za aktiviranje resursa. Ovim projektom se planiraju sledeće najvažnije aktivnosti: -Utvrđivanje mogućnosti proizvodnje stočne hrane i način ishrane ovaca i goveda i predlog mera za njihovo poboljšanje. -Ispitivanje proizvodnog potencijala populacija ovaca i goveda i predlog mera za unapređenje proizvodnje mleka. -Snimanje tradicionalne tehnologije proizvodnje kačkavalja i standardizacija svih procesa od prijema mleka do zrenja sira. -Na osnovu standardizacije proizvodnje kačkavalja i ispitivanja svih važnih osobina dobiće se robna marka i prepoznatljive karakteristike novog proizvoda koji će biti uveden u sistem za dobijanje oznake geografskog porekla.

The pure breeds and crossing have an important role in production. It is essential in sheep meat production to maintain the genetic diversity of the adapted breeds, pure breeds and their crosses. Objective of the study is to determine the impact of genotype and sex on growth traits of lambs. Results of the study showed that male of all genotypes were dominant on body weight in all ages (from BWB to BW90). The highest birth weight (BWB) got male of genotype 2 (W). The lowest body weight at birth was the female lambs of genotype 1 (P). Body weights at ages 30, 60 and 90 days, male and female of genotype 4 (PxWxF) were dominant among other genotypes. Genotype 1 (P) of both sexes had the lowest bodyweights in all ages (BWB, BW30, BW60, BW90). The result showed better growth efficiency from males compared with females. The results of fixed factors and its impact on body weights of lambs showed very significant effect of genotype (P (lt) 0.01) on body weights of lambs at birth (BWB), ages 30, 60 and 90 days (BW30, BW60, BW90). The effect of sex had highly significant effects (P (lt) 0.001) on all ages. The interaction between genotype x sex showed a very significant effect (P≤0.01) on body weight at birth (BWB) but were not significant (P≥0.05) on body weights of lambs at ages BW30, BW60 and BW90. Superiority on growth traits of genotype 4 (PxWxF) at ages 30, 60 and 90 days, indicating that three-bred crossing resulted in high growth traits., Metode odgajivanja imaju važnu ulogu u ovčarskoj proizvodnji. Od suštinskog značaja u proizvodnji mesa ovaca je održavanje genetske raznovrsnosti i varijabilnosti populacija. Cilj ovih istraživanja je da se utvrdi uticaj genotipa i pola, kao i njihovih interakcija na osobine porasta jagnjadi. Rezultati studije pokazali su da muški pol svih genotipova je dominantan u pogledu mase tela u svim uzrastima (od BWB do BW90). Najveća telesna masa (BWB) bila je kod muških grla genotipa 2 (W). Najnižu telesnu masu na rođenju, imala su ženska jagnjad genotipa 1. Masa tela pri uzrastu od 30, 60 i 90 dana, kod oba pola je bila dominantna kod genotipa 4 (PxWxF). Genotip 1 (P)- oba pola, imao je najniže vrednosti masa u svim uzrastima (BWB, BW30, BW60, BW90). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali bolju efikasnost rasta kod muških u odnosu sa ženska grla. Rezultati fiksnih faktora i njihovog uticaju na telesnu masu jagnjadi pokazali su veoma značajan efekat genotipa (P (lt) 0,01) pri rođenju (BWB), kod uzrasta 30, 60 i 90 dana (BW30, BW60, BW90). Pol je imao visoko značajne efekte (P (lt) 0,001) kod svih uzrasta. Interakcija između genotipa i pola pokazala je veoma značajan efekat (P≤0.01) na telesnu masu pri rođenju (BWB), ali dobijene vrednosti razlika nisu bile značajne (P≥0.05) u dobi BW30, BW60 i BW90. Superiornost genotipa 4 (PxWxF) pokazala se u uzrastu od 30, 60 i 90 dana, što može biti izazov i praktična korist za farmere koji koriste ukrštanje.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of environmental factors affecting body weight variability of lambs in two crossbreed groups: Pirot x Württemberg and Sjenica x Württemberg. Both populations were managed under the same farm conditions. The data were analyzed to determine the effect of age of the dam, weight of dam, birth type, sex, year and season, on the birth weight and weaning weight of crossbreed lambs. Statistical analysis was performed by GLM procedure using the SPSS statistical package program. The average birth weight of Pirot x Württemberg lambs was 3.56 kg while Sjenica x Württemberg lambs was slightly higher at 3.69 kg. The difference on birth weight between the two crosses was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The average weaning weight of Pirot x Württemberg lambs was 23.54 kg while Sjenica x Württemberg lambs had higher weight at 24.37 kg. The difference of 0.83 kg on weaning weight was statistically significant (P (lt) 0.05). Body weight, depending on the environmental factors, ranged from 3.17 to 3.96 kg at birth and from 22.12 to 24.18 kg at weaning in Pirot x Württemberg lambs. Body weight of Sjenica x Württemberg lambs ranged from 3.39 to 3.99 kg at birth and from 22.69 to 25.44 kg at weaning. Statistical analysis showed that the differences were statistically significant (P (lt) 0.05) and highly significant (P (lt) 0.01)., Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi uticaj faktora životne sredine na varijabilnost telesne težine jagnjadi u dve grupe meleza: pirotska x virtemberg I sjenička x virtemberg. Obe populacije su držane pod istim uslovima na farmi. Podaci su analizirani da se utvrdi uticaj starosti majke, njene težine, tipa rođenja, pola, godine i sezone, na težinu na rođenju i odbijanju jagnjadi meleza. Statistička analiza je izvedena pomoću GLM procedure, koristeći SPSS statistički program paket. Prosečna telesna masa meleza pirotska x virtemberg je 3,56 kg, dok sjenička x virtemberg jagnjad bila nešto veća - 3,69 kg. Razlika u težini na rođenju između dve grupe meleza nije bila statistički značajna (P>0,05). Prosečna težina na odbijanju jagnjadi meleza pirotska x virtemberg je bila 23,54 kg, dok su jagnjad melezi sjenička x virtemberg imala veću težinu - 24,37 kg. Razlika težine na zalučenju od 0,83 kg je statistički značajna (P (lt) 0,05). Telesna masa, u zavisnosti od faktora sredine, kretala se u rasponu od 3,17 do 3,96 kg na rođenju i od 22,12 do 24,18 kg na odbijanju u jagnjadi pirotska x virtemberg. Telesna masa jagnjadi sjenička x virtemberg kretala se u rasponu od 3,39 do 3,99 kg na rođenju i od 22,69 do 25,44 kg na odbijanju. Statistička analiza pokazala je da su razlike statistički značajne (P (lt) 0,05) i visoko značajne (P (lt) 0,01).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate present level of productivity and determine linear body traits of Alpine goats raised in Serbia on smallholder farms. Data were collected from 22 smallholder farms located in Belgrade district, with total of 330 purebred Alpine does 2-9 years of age, 145 yearling does and 476 kids. Traits measured were: body weight of does, body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and at weaning (90-120 days), prolificacy of mature and yearling (primiparous) does, six linear body traits of does (wither height, body length, hearth girth, chest depth, chest width, pelvic width) and milk production (milk yield, milk fat and milk protein content). The analysis showed the average body weight of does to be 54.96 kg, while the average body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and weaning was 2.73 kg, 8.7 kg and 18.3 kg., respectively. Prolificacy was 144% in mature and 125% in yearling does. Measurements of linear body traits were: wither height 67.87 cm, body length 71.92 cm, hearth girth 81.79 cm, chest depth 32.93, chest width 21.49 cm and pelvic width 17.63 cm. Among dairy production traits, following results were obtained: lactation length 220.73 days, total milk yield 531.66 kg, milk fat content 3.33% and milk protein content 3.16%. It was concluded that the overall productivity of Alpine goats raised under smallholder production systems in Serbia is satisfying. Giving the fact that these animals are usually kept under poor conditions, many of these productive traits are very good., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se proceni postojeći nivo produktivnosti i da se utvrde vrednosti linearnih telesnih mera koza alpske rase koje se gaje u Srbiji kod individualnih poljoprivrednih proizvođača. U ispitivanje su uključena 22 poljoprivredna gazdinstva locirana u beogradskom okrugu, sa ukupno 330 koza alpske rase uzrasta 2-9 godina, 145 prvojarenica i 476 jaradi. Analizirane su sledeće osobine: telesna masa koza, telesna masa jaradi na rođenju, sa 30 dana uzrasta i pri odlučenju (90-120 dana), plodnost odraslih koza i prvojarenica, linearne telesne mere (visina grebena, dužina trupa, obim grudi, dubina grudi, širina grudi, širina karlice) i osobine mlečnosti (dužina laktacije, količina mleka za laktaciju, sadržaj mlečne masti i proteina). Prosečne vrednosti telesne mase i plodosti ispitivanih kategorija bile su: telesna masa koza 54,96 kg, telesna masa jaradi na rođenju 2,73 kg, telesna masa jaradi sa 30 dana 8,7 kg i telesna masa jaradi pri odlučenju 18,3 kg, plodnost odraslih koza 144%, plodnost prvojarenica 125%. Utvrđene su sledeće vrednosti telesnih mera: visina grebena 67,87 cm, dužina trupa 71,92 cm, obim grudi 81,79, dubina grudi 32,93 cm, širina grudi 21,49 cm i širina karlice 17,63 cm. Prosečna laktacijska mlečnost je iznosila 531,66 kg mleka u laktaciji od 221 dan, sa 3,33% mlečne masti i 3,16% proteina. Na osnovu utvrđenih rezultata i poređenjem sa rezultatima drugih autora zaključeno je da je produktivnost koza alpske rase gajenih na malim poljoprivrednim gazdinstvima zadovoljavajući. Plodnost koza je na nešto nižem nivou, kao i porođajne mase jaradi. Međutim, ako se ima u vidu da su uslovi gajenja ovih životinja često veoma skromni, mnoge od ovih proizvodnih osobina su veoma dobre. Prostora za poboljšanje ima, ali uz veća ulaganja koja uslovljavaju i veću cenu proizvodnje. Ipak, uz nepostojanje organizovanog i zagarantovanog otkupa mleka koza, kao ni zaštitnih cena mleka, što bi proizvođačima pružilo neku sigurnost u proizvodnji, sva veća u

Sheep farming plays an important role in the production of meat. Romanov breed is known for its high fertility and therefore is used all over the world due to increased production of lambs and lamb meat. Meat products are the main food elements of the man. Most of the inhabitants of industrialized countries cannot imagine their menu without meat. Value of meat for human health is known, it supplies protein to the body. The Yaroslavl Region is a leading region of the Romanov sheep breed. Therefore, the aim of our research was to determine the strength and reliability of the influence of the factor 'genetic value of the father' on productive characteristics of animals as a factor that helps to increase the productivity of animals. Upon determining the strength of the influence of factors for statistical data have used the procedure of generalized linear models (General Linear Models - GLM), and evaluation components of phenotypic variation attributes were analyzed by multivariate dispersive analysis. Our research has allowed allocating rams with genetic value that has the improving effect. Using the recommended lines the farmers of the Yaroslavl region may increase productive characteristics of animals and the profit of the farms and improve the efficiency of breeding., Ovčarstvo igra važnu ulogu u proizvodnji mesa. Romanovska rasa je poznata po visokoj fertilnosti i zato se koristi svuda u svetu radi povećane produkcije jagnjadi i jagnjećeg mesa.Mesni proizvodi su glavni elementi hrane za čoveka. Većina stanovnika u industrijskim zemljama ne mogu da zamisle svoj meni bez mesa. Značaj mesa za ljudsko zdravlje je pre svega u tome što snabdeva organizam proteinima. Jaroslavski Region je vodeći region u gajenju romanovskih ovaca. Dakle, cilj našeg istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi snaga i pouzdanost uticaja ' genetske vrednosti oca ' na produktivne osobine životinja kao faktora koji pomaže da se poveća produktivnost životinja. Za utvrđivanje jačine uticaja faktora primenjena je statistička obrada podataka. Tom prilikom je korišćen postupak generalnog linearnog modela (Opšti Linearni modeli - GLM). Za evaluaciju komponenti fenotipske varijabilnosti atributa upotrebljene su multivarijacione disperzivne analize. Naše istraživanje je omogućilo identifikaciju genetske vrednosti ovnova sa koji imaju poboljšavajući efekat u potomstvu. Naša saznanja mogu pored naučnog doprinosa biti i od praktične koristi. Upotrebom preporučenih linija odgajivači ovaca u Jaroslavskom regionu mogu unaprediti proizvodne karakteristike životinja, poboljšati efikasnost odgajivanja i povećati dobit od farmi. Ovaj metod se može primeniti i na drugim populacijama ovaca.

Dairy products are the main food elements of the man. Milk is the sole food for infants and it plays an important role in feeding of the sick, convalescent, and healthy adults. The Yaroslavl Region is a leading region of the Yaroslavl cattle breed. Therefore, the aim of our research was to determine the strength and reliability of the influence of the factor 'genetic value of the sire' on productive characteristics of animals as a factor that helps to increase the productivity of animals. When we determine the strength of the influence of factors for statistical data we used the procedure of generalized linear models (General Linear Models - GLM), and evaluation components of phenotypic variation attributes were analyzed by multivariate dispersive analysis. Our research has allowed to allocate bulls with genetic value which has the improving effect. Using the recommended lines the farmers of the Yaroslavl region may increase productive characteristics of animals and the profit of the farms and improve the efficiency of breeding., Mlečni proizvodi su glavni elementi ishrane čoveka. Mleko je jedina hrana za odojčad i igra važnu ulogu u ishranu bolesnika, rekovalescenata i zdravih odraslih osoba. Jaroslavski region je vodeći region u gajenju istoimene - jaroslavske rase goveda. Dakle, cilj našeg istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi snaga i pouzdanost uticaja faktora 'genetske vrednosti oca' na produktivne osobine životinja kao faktor koji pomaže da se poveća produktivnost krava. Da bi smo odredili snagu uticaja faktora podatke koje smo koristili, podvrgli smo u proceduri obrade putem generalnog linearnog modela (Opšti Linearni modeli - GLM). Komponente evaluacije fenotipske varijacije atributa su analizirane putem multivarijacione disperzivne analize. Naše istraživanje je omogućilo da se izdvoje bikovi sa genetskim vrednostima koje imaju efekat poboljšanja željenih svojstava populacije. Upotrebom preporučenih linija odgajivači goveda u jaroslavskoj oblasti mogu povećati proizvodne performanse životinja. Sve ovo void ka povećanju profita, a time otvara mogućnost za dalji napredak u proizvodnji.

Several production traits have been examined in 180 Ovchepolian sheep during a four-year production period (2010-2013). The sheep ranged in age from the first to the 7th lactation and 4319 individual lactation controls were realized in total. Besides the basic statistics, all data were analysed using a multi-factorial fixed model. The influence of certain factors was studied using the F-test and the analyses were made using the SPSS set of programs. Most of the factors (year, lactation, lambing month and number of milk recording) had a highly significant influence (P (lt) 0.001) on daily milk production (milk from the morning, evening and the total amount of milk, % of milk fat and kg fat) in this breed of sheep. The month of milk recording also had a significant influence (P (lt) 0.05) on all traits. Only fertility had no impact on the variations in the tested parameters, aside from the total daily milk, on which a highly significant influence was manifested (P (lt) 0.01). The average milk lactation among the tested sheep population during all four years was, on average, 58 ± 0.247 l, while the production of milked milk for the same period was 37 ± 0.217 l. The length of the lactation period in these sheep for the four years studied averaged 182 ± 0.31 days. The maximal daily milk yield in this sheep population was measured in 2011 (0.302 ± 0.26 l). Regarding their age, the highest daily milk yield was determined in sheep in the third lactation (0.365 ± 0.26), while those in the 7th lactation had the lowest (0.255 ± 0.27)., Ispitivano je nekoliko proizvodnih svojstava (laktacijska proizvodnja mleka, proizvodnja mleka u dojnom periodu, proizvodnja mleka u muznom periodu, dužina dojnog perioda, dužina laktacije, proizvodnja mleka u toku jutarnje muže, proizvodnja mleka u toku večernje muže i dnevna proizvodnja mleka) kod ukupno 180 ovcepoljskih ovaca, u toku četiri proizvodne godine (2010-2013). Uzrast ovaca bio je od prve do sedme laktacije, i kod njih je bilo realizovano ukupno 4319 individualnih laktacijskih kontrola. Osim bazične statistike, svi podaci su analizirani pomoću višefaktorijalnog fiksnog modela. Uticaj posebnih faktora ispitivan je pomoću F-testa, dok su analize urađene pomoću programskog paketa SPSS. Veći broj faktora (godina, laktacija, mesec jagnjenja i broj kontrole mleka), imali su visoko značajni uticaj (P (lt) 0,001), na dnevnu proizvodnju mleka (jutarnje, večernje i ukupno mleko, % mlečne masti i kg mlečne masti), kod ove rase ovaca. Mesec kontrole mleka u odnosu na sva svojstva imao je visoko značajni uticaj (P (lt) 0,001), osim na % mlečne masti (P>0,05). Jedino plodnost nije imala nikakav uticaj na varijacije ispitivanih parametara, osim na ukupnu dnevnu produkciju mleka, na koju je manifestovala visoko značajni uticaj (P (lt) 0,001). Prosečna laktacijska mlečnost kod ispitivane populacije ovaca, sa sve četiri godine u proseku je bila 58 ± 0,247 l, dok je proizvodnja muznog mleka u istom periodu bila 37 ± 0,217 l. Dužina laktacijskog perioda u toku četiri ispitivane godine u proseku je bila 182 ± 0,31 dana. Maksimalna dnevna mlečnost kod ove rase ovaca, izmerena je u toku 2011. godine (0,302 ± 0,26 l). U odnosu na starost, najveća dnevna mlečnost je utvrđena kod ovaca u trećoj laktaciji (0,365 ± 0,26), a najniža u sedmoj laktaciji (0,255 ± 0,27).

Success of crossing depends on the breeds used and the genetic distance among them, as well the combining ability of maternal and individual heterosis to make the proper choice of breeds employed in a crossing system. The aim of this study is to find the effect of genotype and crossing system on early weights and daily gain of lambs. The lambs of purebred Pirot Pramenka ( P) got the lowest body weight at birth, at 30 days, at 60 days and 90 days with a value of 3.65 kg, 9.48 kg, 14.99 kg and 21.96 kg while purebred Wurttemberg attained the highest body weight at birth of 4.48 kg. The lambs of three bred crossing (PxWxF) highest on BW30, BW60 and BW90 days. The results showed a highly significant difference on average daily gain (ADG) among genotypes (P (lt) 0.01) except on the difference between W - PxW of which belongs to the lower border of significant level (P (lt) 0.05). The highest difference on ADG was between P - PxWxF (105.950 g), wherein the lowest difference was between W-PxW (9.290 g). It can close that the attained value between pure bred Wurttemberg (W) and two-bred crossing (PxW) was almost equal. Genotype and crossing system have significant effect on body weight and average daily gain of lambs. Based on the results obtained, it shows an advantage effect of crossing system (PxWxF) when it comes on growth and daily gain of lambs., Uspeh ukrštanja zavisi od rasa koje se koriste i genetičke distance između njih. Takođe, efekti majke i individualnog heterozisa u kombinaciji sa izborom rasa odlučujući su faktori ukrštanja. Jagnjad Pirotske pramenke (P) imala su najnižu telesnu masu na rođenju, sa 30, 60 i 90 dana u vrednosti od 3.65 kg, 9.48 kg, 14,99 kg i 21.96 kg, dok rasa Virtemberg ima najveću telesnu masu na rođenju čija vrednost iznosi 4.48 kg. U jagnjadi trorasnog porekla (PxWxF) masa je bila najveća tokom kontrola- BV30, BV60 i BV90 dana. Rezultati su pokazali izuzetno značajnu razliku u prosečnom dnevnom prirastu (ADG ) kod ispitivanih genotipova (P (lt) 0,01) osim razlike između W-PxW koja je na nivou granice značajnosti (P (lt) 0,05). Najveća razlika prosečnog dnevnog prirasta ADG bila je između P - PxWxF (105,950 g), dok je najmanja razlika bila između W- PXW (9,290 g). Može se zaključiti da je dostignuta vrednost između jagnjadi Virtemberške rase (-W) i dvorasnih meleza (PxW) skoro jednaka. Genotip i sistem ukrštanja imaju značajan uticaj na telesne mase i prosečan dnevni prirast jagnjadi. Rezultati ovih istraživanja pokazali su prednost trorasnog ukrštanja kada su u pitanju masa tela i dnevni prirast jagnjadi, što je i najvažnije iz ugla ekonomike proizvodnje. Takođe je važno poređenje između dvorasnih meleza i čiste virtemberške rase, gde su razlike male.