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Trichoglossus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1771) is nectarivorous bird that feed on nectar as a source of carbohydrate. In captivity, it is not practical to provide a continued diet of nectar from the flowers. Therefore, this study aimed to find other carbohydrate sources such as brown sugar as substitute nectar for T. haematodus. Twelve wild T. haematodus in four cages offered five types different brown sugar solution with different concentrations. Since brown sugar has low protein content, therefore the birds also offered commercial baby biscuit to meet the protein requirement. The results showed that the birds like to consume all types of brown sugar solution with sugar concentration up to 40% . However, the siwalan brown sugar solution was the most favored by the bird. over the other type of brown sugar solutions (aren, coconut, sugar cane and regular commercial “palm” brown sugar). Furthermore, the result showed that the birds prefer commercial baby biscuit was soaked in the brown sugar solution with concentration 20%. This study provides the information that the brown sugar solution based diet has potency as an alternative carbohydrate source to substitute nectar for T. haematodus in captivity which is more practical and can increase the survival rate in birds.

Cholesterol in quail meat is one of the factors causing consumers to control consumption of quail meat. On the other hand, the antioxidant content in quail meat could attracts the consumers. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) bark and gotu kola (Centella asiatica) leaves are medicinal plants that contain many polyphenol compounds. The objective of this study was to obtain the most optimum formula made from cinnamon and gotu kola as a feed supplement to produce the quail meat which has low cholesterol but rich in antioxidants. This study used a completely randomized design which consisting of six groups with three replications. The six groups included one control (P0), 5 treatments consisted of 5% cinnamon (P1), 5% gotu kola (P2), combination of cinnamon and gotu kola powder with ratio 5%:5% (P3), 5%:10% (P4) and 10%:5% (P5). The results showed that food supplements made from cinnamon bark and gotu kola leaves could increase the body weight, antioxidant levels, and reduce cholesterol levels in quail meat. Cinnamon as feed supplement with a concentration of 5% or a combination of cinnamon and gotu kola with a ratio of 5%: 10% provided the best effect on antioxidants and cholesterol level in meat. The use of cinnamon and gotu kola supplementation to produce high antioxidant and low cholesterol of quail met have not studied yet. The result of the study would be beneficial for developing the healthy, safe and good quality of quail meat.

In order to find natural and inexpensive bioinsecticides, the active compound of waste extract from two medicinal plants were analyzed. Ethanolic extracts of Amomum cardamomum and Zingiber zerumbet were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their repellency against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae, L.). Four extracts concentration were tested in this research, i.e: 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Efficacy was measured based on the response of rice weevil in preference tests using Y Olfactometer Tube, then the results were converted into the Percentage Repellency (PR) and Preference Index (PI). The PR data were analyzed using ANOVA, whereas PI values were analyzed descriptively. The result showed that the PR were significantly (LSD test; α> 0.05) and revealed that waste extracts repel the rice weevil at 100% solution. The highest PR was found at 100% solution in both extracts, however, statistically the repellency of A. cardamomum waste extract was higher than Z. zerumbet’s. Likewise, the PI of both extracts showed negative value at 75 and 100% concentration. This study concluded that extract of A. cardamomum and Z. zerumbet wastes have repellent effect against rice weevil and A. cardamomum repellency is better than Z. zerumbet. The findings of this study can provide a useful information for development of a rice weevil repellent extracted from waste product of medicinal plants that is more economically and environmentally friendly than synthetic insect repellents.

Insulin leave (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) empirically used by people as antihyperglycemic drugs. The study was aimed to evaluate antihyperglycemic activity as well as to determine the most optimum dose of T. diversifolia to reduce blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemic condition was induced to male Rattus norvegicus rats by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at a dose of 150 mg/kg bw (body weight). In this study, completely randomized design was performed with three treatment groups and five times repetition. Group P1 received glibenclamide 10 mg/kg bw, P2 received aqueous extract of T. diversifolia at a dose of 150 mg/kg bw, P3 received aqueous extract of T. diversifolia at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw. Administration of both glibenclamide and aqueous extract of T. diversifolia was conducted orally for 28 days. Data were analyzed using Anova and Duncan’s test with 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). The results showed that the mean percentage of decrease in blood glucose levels, drink intake and body weight of all treatment groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). Data of feed intake showed that P1 was significantly different from P2 (p0.05). Based on the result of this research, it was found that the low doses of aqueous extract of T. diversifolia has the same ability to decrease blood glucose level compared to glibenclamide. Futhermore, this study provide some information that can be used as preclinical analysis to determine effective doses of aqueous extract of T. diversifolia to decrease blood glucose levels.

Parakeets (Melopsittacus undulates) are classified parrot order Psittaciformes. Parakeets are monomorphic birds whose sex is difficult to be distinguished. Sex identification is very important for breeding efforts in order to increase the parakeet population. External morphology was determined to identify the sex of the birds. This research was conducted to determine the sex of parakeets (male and female). This study used five male and five female parakeets aged 4 months as the study objects. This study used the quantitative and qualitative method. Results of this study was verified by performing surgery to determine the sex of parakeet based on their reproductive organs. The t-test results of morphometric characteristics showed no significant different in the length of body, upper bill, lower bill, wing, tail, femur, tibial-tarsus, tarsometatarsus and digits as well as the body weight between male and female parakeets. The color of the cere was useful to accurately determine sex in parakeets (blue in males and white in females). This research provided information to the public about the differences between male and female parakeets for the selection of good broodstock in order to increase their population in captivity.

The leaves of insulin (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) are native bush plants from Central America. This plant in Indonesia is often called paitan or kembang bulan. The aim of this research was to know the profile of SGPT and SGOT of male white rat (Rattus norvegicus L.) hyperglycemic after giving insulin leaf extract (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray). This study used 20 male Wistar rats which were divided randomly into 5 groups of treatment. Those were P0 as a group of rats which was not given alloxan and insulin leaf extract, P1 as a group of rats which was given alloxan without insulin leaf extract, P2 as a group of rats which was given alloxan and glibenclamide 2 mg/Body Weight (BW)/day, P3 as a group of rats which was given alloxan and insulin leaf extract 30 mg/BW/day, P4 as a group of rats which was given alloxan and insulin leaf extract 60 mg/BW/day. Each treatment was repeated as many as 4 replications. The results of this study indicated that there was no significant differences in all variables, namely levels of SGPT, SGOT, liver weight, body weight and Hepatosomatic index (HSI), so it can be concluded that giving insulin leaf extract (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) of 30 mg/BW/day and 60 mg/BW/day could improve liver function of hyperglycemic male white rats (R. norvegicus L.).

Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) had been widely utilized in improving plant quality and productivity. The mechanism includes the manipulation of plant adaptibility over environmental stress. This research aimed to study the efect of PGR on the growth of C. tagal seedling and to formulate the applicable treatment to improve its growth performance. The research was conducted through laboratory experiment, including tthe combination of NAA and GA3 with the designed concentration of 0 ppm, 150 ppm and 300 ppm. The experiment lasted for one month and involved weekly observation. The plants were treated by spraying once every three days. Observations were conducted to the survival rate, height increment and leaf number development. ANOVA was conducted as statistical analysis method. The result showed that there were no significant effect of PGRs on the height increment of C. tagal seedling. The survival rate was lowest in the control and 150 ppm NAA treatments, while treatment with 300 ppm GA3was highest. The application of 300 ppm GA3was the best treatment for the livelihood of C. tagal seedling, while the application of 150 ppm GA3 was considerable alternative due to its growth performance. This research provide a novel finding concerning the application of PGRs on the seeding process of C. tagal. Thus, it could be applied in the seeding activities by the mangrove farmers to improve the productivity and quality of mangrove seedling.

Cockroach is one of insects which plays a role as a disease vector, causing negative impacts to human health. Controlling cockroach by using excessive insecticide adds residue to the environment and strengthens its resistance toward insecticides. The objective of this research was to implement and evaluate the alternative use of biological control agent, such as entomopathogenic bacteria against two types of cockroach. In this study, three entomopathogenic bacterial isolates derived from dead Spodoptera litura pupa and Bacillus thuringiensis were employed. The test was performed by administering spraying and baiting methods at cell concentration of 108 CFU/ml. The results showed that three entomopathogenic bacterial isolates used in this study affected cockroach mortality. The result of morphological observation and Postulate Koch test showed that cockroach mortality was caused by the bacterial isolates. The spraying method on BLSP4 bacterial isolate contributed to the highest mortality rate by 80% to the Blatella germanica. Meanwhile, in the baiting method, the isolate of B. thuringiensis caused the highest mortality to the Periplaneta americana by 10%. Based on the mortality period, it can be recognized that BLSP4 treatment with spraying method affected the mortality of B. germanica effectively within 2 hours 30 minutes 46 seconds. An important finding in this study was that BLSP4 bacteria has been known potential for controlling cockroach using spraying method. The result of this study provides insights that BLSP4 bacteria can be used as a new alternative for controlling cockroach and generally in pest management.

Hematological and chemical status of blood in livestock can be used to diagnose the disruption of the hematologic system as well as help to diagnose many organ and systemic diseases. This study aimed to determine the hematology and blood chemistry status of various types of most frequently consumed ruminants in community. Types of ruminants used were cattle, goats and buffaloes. The research design was Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with 3 treatments on 3 types of male ruminants at slaughter age. Each treatment consisted of 3 times repetition. The animals used came from slaughterhouses in Kudus (cattle and buffaloes) and Semarang (goats). Observations of hematology and blood chemistry parameters were conducted on blood samples taken in the morning (at 03.00 a.m.). The parameters measured were the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin (Hb) content, number of leukocyte and blood chemistry consisted of HDL and LDL cholesterol. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and followed by Duncan test. The results showed that the highest number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content was found in goats, whereas the highest LDL content was found in cattle. It can be concluded that goat has the best hematological status compared to cattle and buffalo.

Red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus Lam) contains active substances in the form of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and unsaturated fatty acids that can potentially be antioxidants. This study aims to examine the effect of red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus) on the development of ovarian follicles of rat exposed to cigarette smoke, (in increasing the number of primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles and ovarian weight). This study used Completely Randomized Design with 20 female rats (3 months old) divided into 4 treatment groups: P0 (Positive control), P1 (negative control of exposure to cigarette smoke for 8 days), P2 (exposure to cigarette smoke for 8 days + 0.1 ml red fruit oil) and P3 (exposure of cigarette smoke for 8 days + 0.2 ml red fruit oil) with 5 time repetition and 28 days red fruit treatment for the research parameters were the number of primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles and ovarian weight. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with 95% confidence level (P < 0.05). The results showed that the administration of red fruit oil at doses of 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml was not significantly affecting (P > 0.05) the number of primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles and ovarian weight, so it can be conclusion that the administration of red fruit oil at a dose of 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml cannot increase the number of primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles and ovarian weight in rat exposed to cigarette smoke.

Free radicals in cigarette smoke may interfere the balanced of body molecules and cause the damage of hepatic cells. This issues may be prevented by using red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus L) due to its antioxidant content. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and physiological conditions of liver when the red fruit oil given to the rat that exposed by cigarette smoke. This study carried out for 35 days with female white rats as the sample. The samples were 20 female white rats divided into four groups: P0 (negative control), P1 (positive control), P2 (exposed by cigarette smoke with administration of red fruit oil 0,1 ml/BB), P3 (exposed by cigarette smoke with administration of red fruit oil 0,2 ml/weight). The data of ALT, AST, cell diameter, and hepatic weight were analyzed by using analysis of variants (ANOVA). The results showed that administration of red fruit oil containing antioxidants can reduce levels of ALT, AST, hepatocyte diameter, and increase liver weight, although the difference is not significant compared to the control group and does not affect the eating and drinking behavior so as not to affect the body's metabolism. The conclusion of red fruit oil can reduce ALT, AST, hepatocyte diameter and increase hepatic weight due to exposure to cigarette smoke, although the difference is not significant to the control group, and does not affect the eating and drinking behavior, so good for consumption because it gives a beneficial effect on health liver organ.

Many researchers confirmed that entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema can be cultivated in vitro using artificial media that containing animal nutrition. However, artificial media with insect component hasn’t been widely studied. This research aims to analyze the population of EPNs isolate of Semarang cultivated in mealworm powder media. Five doses of mealworm powder (Tenebrio molitor) were tested in this research, i.e: 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 g. Culture media using 1 g of mealworm larvae was used as control. The best treatment was further tested for its pathogenicity on Macrotermes sp. at seven levels of invective juveniles (IJs) : 0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 IJs/mL. Each treatment was repeated five times. The EPNs population and termites mortality were analyzed using ANAVA, whereas pathogenic value was calculated using Probit analysis. The result showed EPNs population were significantly (LSD test; α> 0.05), likewise on termites mortality. The EPNs isolate of Semarang optimally at 0.5 g mealworm powder and pathogenicity against termites based on LD50 and LD90 values at 220 JI/mL and 410 JI/mL doses, respectively. In conclusion, this result can be an alternative to mass cultivation of EPNs, in effort of development of local bioinsecticides. The findings of this study also inform farmers that EPNs can be easily cultivated using the simple and available materials.

Mangrove plants are sensitive to environment condition. This research aimed to analyze the linkages of mangrove growth and environment dynamics and to estimate the growth of mangrove along with the environment dynamics. The research was conducted through the field experiment by the plantation of A. marina in silvofishery pond canals. Data collection was conducted for 18 months with 3 months observation interval. The environment variables observed including temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, TSS, sediment organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the growth of mangrove seedling. Analysis was conducted through regression and modelling with Powersim software. The result showed that the height growth was affected by dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, turbidity and pH, while the diameter growth was affected by TSS concentration. Inversely, the growth of mangrove also had a significant effect on temperature, change of organic matter and nutrient sediment concentration. Simulation showed that the height and diameter growth rates of A. marina seedling were dynamically changed among periods. Simulated seedling growth for one year forecast resulted in the rate of 0.115024 to 0.282294 cm/day for height and 0.001287 to 0.006031 cm/day for diameter. The simulation also indicated the continuous accumulation of organic matter and nitrogen over time. This research concluded that under limited environment dynamic, the growth of mangrove could be estimated. This model is a novelty in ecological studies. This research might initiates the more advanced ecological studies. Systematic estimation of ecosystem behaviour could be applied to formulate the best management practices, particularly in the silvofishery activities.

People’s concern about quail egg consumption has triggered the efforts to produce quail eggs with low cholesterol content by using organic feed. Organic feed is one type of feed rations made of mixing organic material. In this study, standard organic feed (rice bran, yellow corn, soybean, and fishmeal) and organic feed containing mackerel, cassava leaves, and turmeric powder was administere to female japanese quail. Organic feed containing mackerel, cassava leaves, and turmeric powder can affect the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica L.) lipid profile. This research used experimental methods. Twenty-seven female Japanese quails were divided into 3 treatment groups (PO: commercial feed, P1: standard organic feed, P2: feed containing organic turmeric powder, cassava leaves, and mackerel) for 145 days with 9 repeat. Data obtained were in the form of average daily feed intake and blood lipid profiles of each treatment group. Further data analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan test. The results showed that administration of organic feed containing mackerel, cassava leaves, and turmeric powder can reduce the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL but increase the HDL levels in Japanese quail. Supplementation of turmeric powder improve the chemical quality of Japanese quail eggs, so it is good for the development of quail embryos as well as for consumption. It can be concluded that organic feed and turmeric powder supplementation stabilize blood lipid profile and improve the reproduction of Japanese quail egg low cholesterol, so good for the development of embryo quail and for consumption.

The entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)would effectively infect the target host on the appropriate medium water content. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of water content of medium on the effectiveness of M. anisopliae fungus infection on O. rhinoceros larvae in the laboratory. Fifty healthy third instar larvae of O. rhinoceros were obtained from field. The M. anisopliae obtained from Estate Crop Protection Board in Salatiga. The conidia density and viability of M. anisopliae were examined before used. The medium for maintaining the larva was the sawdust that had been sterilized. A total of 50 plastic cups were prepared to place 50 larvae (1 larva/cup). Each cup was filled with 100 g medium of sawdust plus 2 g of M. anisopliae which was then stirred until mixed, with different water content: P1 (20%), P2 (40%), P3 (60%), P4 (80% ) and P5 (98%). The result indicated that the water content of the medium affected the effectiveness of M. anisopliae fungus infection on O. rhinoceros larvae. The water content influenced the duration of larval mortality at each treatment. An important finding in this study is that controlling O. rhineceros larvae with M. anisopliae can be done by manipulating the water content of medium. The benefit of this study may be used for the recommendation of O. rhinoceros pest control using M. anisopliae with an effective water media content.

Mangrove seedling growth in silvofishery pond is limited to water quality dynamics while the water quality dynamically changes. This research aimed to study the changes of environmental factor condition in silvofishery pond and to analyze its impacts on the growth of mangrove seedling. Research experiment involved18 treatment plots with mangrove Rhizophora mucronata seedling. Observed parameters included temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH, DO, TSS, BO, N and P. Calculation was conducted for the deviation of each parameters. Mangrove growth parameters were including height and diameter growth while its data processing was absolute daily growth. Data analysis was conducted through regression. The result showed there were changes on environment parameters. Growth rate of R. mucronata showed variations on absolute daily height growth rate range of 0.215-3.333 mm/day (average 1.296 ±0.036 mm/day), while absolute daily diameter growth rate range was 2.15x10-3-0.196 mm/day (average 4.25x10-2 ± 3.59x10-2 mm/day). The analysis of regression showed several parameters effectedthe growth of mangrove seedlings including temperature, temperature change, turbidty, salinity change, pH, pH change, and DO on the growth of R. mucronata seedlings. This research concluded that environment parameters and its changes had significant effects on the growth of mangrove seedling. How to CiteHastuti, E., & Budihastuti, R. (2016). Analysis on the Absolute Growth Rate of Rhizophora mucronata Seedling in Silvicultural Pond Canals by the Influence of Initial Condition and Changes of Environment Quality. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(1), 56-63.

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of turmeric powder supplementation to the age of sexual maturity, physical, and chemical quality of the first Japanese quail’s (Coturnix japonica) egg. Forty five quails were assigned into a completely randomized design with three treatments (levels of turmeric powder, i.e., 0; 54; and 108 mg/quail/day) and each treatment used 15 quails. Turmeric powder supplementation was conducted before sexual maturity. Feed and drinking water provided ad libitum. Observed egg is an egg that was first produced. Parameters measured were the age of sexual maturity, feed intake, body weight, physical qualities which include: weight of egg, long axis, short axis, weight and thickness of shell, yolk index, Haugh unit, egg shell index. Whereas the observed chemical quality were cholesterol, HDL, LDL, protein, vitamin B12, vitamin A in eggs and egg shell calcium levels. The results showed that administration of turmeric powder can accelerate the age of maturity, increasing the levels of protein, HDL, vitamin A and B12 in eggs, decreasing the cholesterol and LDL content in eggs, but did not affect feed intake, physical quality of eggs and egg shell calcium levels. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that supplementation of turmeric powder improve the chemical quality of Japanese quail eggs (Coturnix japonica), so it is good for the development of quail embryos as well as for consumption.How to CiteSaraswati, T. R., & Tana, S. (2016). Effect of Turmeric Powder Supplementation To The Age of Sexual Maturity, Physical, and Chemical Quality of The First Japanese Quail’s (Coturnix japonica) Egg. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(1), 18-24.

Entomopathogenic nematodes Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are commercially used to control pest insect. EPN is widely cultivated through in-vivo and in vitro methods. This research aims to discover the abundance of EPN cultivated in various artificial media. Seven types of media composition were tested in this research: media A (yeast + soybean powder), media B (yeast + chicken liver), media C (yeast + dog food), media D (yolk + soybean powder), media E (yolk + chicken liver), media F (yolk + dog food), and media G (yeast + yolk + dog food). Each media was inoculated in 1.2x103JI/mL. The growth of EPN was observed weekly in 4 weeks. Results showed that EPN could be cultivated using various media; media D, E, F, and G. Highest abundance of EPN is found in the second week of media D for 28164 JI/ml.Cell harvesting is suggested to be conducted during the first and second week to obtain maximum abundance of EPN.How to CiteIndriyanti, D., & Muharromah, N. (2016). Mass Cultivation of Entomopathogenic Nematode In Artificial Media. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(1), 111-118.

Keraton Surakarta memiliki budaya pengobatan tradisional. Pengetahuan tentang tradisi tersebut tersimpan dalam naskah kuno. Seiring dengan kemajuan jaman dan perkembangan pengobatan modern, tradisi pegobatan tradisional mulai menurun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, untuk mengkaji etnobotani pengobatan tradisional untuk perawatan wanita di Keraton Surakarta. Kajian penelitian meliputi keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan obat komposisi dari ramuan tradisional dan mengkaji tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat Keraton Surakarta dalam penggunaan ramuan tradisional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Keraton Surakarta dan kelurahan Baluwarti. Pengumpulan data etnobotani dengan wawancara, studi litelatur, survey, dan kuisioner. Data keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan obat diperoleh dari kajian Serat Husada dan hasil wawancara dengan informan. Jenis ramuan tradisional, diulas mengenai komposisi bahan, organ tumbuhan, cara meramu, dan cara pemakaian. Data tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat diambil melalui kuisioner. Jumlah responden sebanyak 60 orang. Analisis data menggunakan Analysis of Variances (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukan 120 spesies tumbuhan obat dari 55 famili digunakan untuk ramuan tradisional. Terdapat 61 jenis ramuan yang digunakan untuk 17 macam perawatan wanita. Hasil kuisioner menunjukkan kecenderungan menurunya tingkat pengetahuan dan penggunaan ramuan tradisional oleh wanita usia muda. Hal ini karena pengaruh kemajuan jaman dan perkembangan pengobatan modern.Surakarta Palace develops its own traditional medication culture. The knowledge of the tradition is well-preserved in ancient manuscripts. In line with the modern medicine development, the practice of traditional medical treatment has declined. And therefore the aim of the current study was to evaluate the traditional medical treatment for women in Surakarta Royal Palace. The purpose of the study was to examine the diversity of medicinal plant, the composition of traditional ingredients, and the knowledge level of members of Surakarta Royal Palace. The study was conducted in Surakarta Royal Palace and Baluwarti Village. Ethnobotanical data were collected through interview, literature study, survey and questionnaire. Data of the medicinal plant diversity were accumululated from the study of Serat Husada and from interviews with the informants. The traditional ingredients were reviewed in terms of the composition, the plant organs to be used, how to mix the materials, and how to consume them. Data of the level of public knowledge were taken through questionnaire. There were 60 respondents of the study. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Research revealed that 120 species of medicinal plants from 55 families were utilized as traditional medicine. As many as 61 medicinal plants were used in 17 types of women treatment. The study also suggested that the knowledge level and the utilization of traditional medicine were decreasing among young women. It was concluded that the modernization of medicinal world has been the main cause of this decrease.

Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi spesies dan kelimpahan Bactrocera yang menyerang berbagai buah di Kecamtan Demak dan Dempet Kabupaten Demak. Penelitian menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil 5 macam buah yang terserang (jambu air, belimbing, jambu biji, melinjo dan mangga), pengambilan data faktor klimatik dilakukan pada saat pengambilan sampel. Buah terserang kemudian dilakukan rearing, Bactrocera spp yang didapat dilakukan identifikasi. Bactrocera yang menyerang jambu air yaitu Bactrocera ablistrigta, Bactrocera carambolae menyerang belimbing dan jambu biji, Bactrocera mcgregori menyerang melinjo dan Bactrocera papayae menyerang mangga. Kelimpahan Bactrocera albistrigata sebesar 112 individu/kg jambu air, Bactrocera carambolae pada belimbing sebesar 368 individu/kg belimbing, Bactrocera carambolae pada jambu biji sebesar 86 individu/kg jambu biji, Bactrocera papayae sebesar 48/kg mangga dan Bactrocera mcgregogi sebesar 668 individu/kg melinjo. Kelimpahan tertinggi terdapat pada Bactrocera mcgregogi yaitu 668 individu/kg melinjo. Kelimpahan terendah pada Bactrocera papayae yaitu 48 individu/kg mangga. This study was conduted in Demak and Dempet districts Demak regency. Demak is one of the producer of horticultural crops such as fruits. The objective of this research is identifying the species and abundance of Bactrocera which attacked various fruits in Demak regency. The research used was purposive sampling method. The steps of this research include 5 various infected fruits (water aple (, starfruit, guava, gnetum gnemon and mango climatic factors data collection is done at the time of sampling, developing fruit then carried rearing, Bactrocera spp obtained to identify. Bactrocera that infected the water aple (Bactrocera ablistrigta), Bactrocera carambolae attack starfruit and guava, Bactrocera mcgregori attack melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) and Bactrocera papayae attack mango. Bactrocera albistrigata abundance of 112 individuals/kg water aple, starfruit Bactrocera carambolae on by 368 individual/kg starfruit, guava Bactrocera carambolae on by 172 individual/kg guava, Bactrocera papayae by 48/kg mango and Bactrocera mcgregori of 668 individual/kg Gnetum gnemon.The highest abundance showed by Bactrocera mcgregori that is 668 individual/kg melinjo(Gnetum gnemon). The lowest abundance was (Bactrocera papayae 48 individual/ 0,5 kg mango).

Tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao) menghasilkan biji. Biji ditutupi oleh pulp pada saat dipanen, kemudian difermentasi selama tiga hari untuk diambil biji kakao dan dihasilkan limbah cair. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji ketertarikan lalat buah pada olahan limbah kakao dan mengidentifikasi senyawa kimia volatil yang menarik lalat buah. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium, dimulai dari pengolahan limbah kakao, pengujian ketertarikan B. carambolae pada limbah dan mengidentifikasi senyawa volatil olahan limbah kakao. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jantan dan betina B. carambolae tertarik pada limbah. Olahan limbah kakao berisi berbagai senyawa volatil yakni: amonia; etil-2-hidroksi propanoat ; 7-dodesenil asetat; senyawa asetamida; 3,5-dihidroksi-2-metil-5,6-dihidropiran; hidroksi metilfurfurol; dan derivat-1-undekuna.The cocoa plants (Theobroma cacao) produce seeds. The seeds are covered by pulp when it is harvested. Then these seeds were fermented for three days to transform them becoming cocoa seeds and the fermentation would produce liquid wastes. The study aims to test the attractiveness of fruit flies to the processed liquid cocoa wastes and to identify the chemical compounds which attract fruit flies. The study was conducted in the laboratory, beginning from the processing of cocoa wastes, the testing of the attractiveness of B. carambolae to wastes and to identify the chemical compounds of the processed cocoa wastes. The result showed that males and females B. carambolae were attracted to the wastes.The processed cocoa wastes contain various chemical compounds, i.e. ammonia; ethyl-2-hydroxy propanoate; 7-dodecenyl acetate; acetamide compounds; 3,5 dihydroxy-2-methyl-5,6-dihydropyrane; hydroxyl methylfurfurol; and 1-undecyne derivates.

Lalat buah Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) merupakan salah satu hama pen ting menyerang tanaman buah-buahan dan sayuran. B. carambolae di laboratorium tertarik pada olahan limbah kakao. Hasil uji coba di lapangan belum memuaskan karena olahan limbah kakao mudah rusak. Tujuan penelitian ini mengkaji respon lalat buah Bactrocera yang diberi umpan ekstrak olahan limbah kakao berpenga wet. Pengawet yang digunakan yakni: Natrium klorida (NaCl), Natrium benzoat (C7H5NaO2) dan Potasium sorbat (C6H7KO2). Konsentrasi yang dipakai masing-masing pengawet 0,1%; 0,2% dan 0,3%. Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu ming gu. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa daya tahan limbah yang diberi penga wet dan yang tidak dilihat secara secara fisik (warna dan tekstur) tidak berbeda nyata, namun ada perbedaan bau. Limbah yang tidak diberi pengawet ada kecen derungan baunya tidak sedap dibanding yang diberi pengawet. Hal ini yang mempengaruhi ketertarikan lalat terhadap olahan limbah kakao. Respon ketertarikan lalat Bactrocera terhadap olahan limbah kakao yang diberi pengawet berbeda antara satu dengan yang lain. Respon ketertarikan tertinggi Bactrocera cenderung pada olahan limbah kakao yang diberi pengawet Natrium klorida 0,3%, Potasium sorbat 0,2% dan Natrium benzoat 0,1%.The fruit fly Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the important pests attacking crops of fruits and vegetables. In the laboratory, B. carambolae was attracted by the processed cocoa waste. The results of field trials have not been satisfactory yet, because the processed cocoa waste was easily damaged. The purpose of the study wast to examine the response of Bactrocera to the bait made of processed cocoa extract waste containing preservatives. The preservatives used were: Sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium benzoate (C7H5NaO2) and potassium sorbate (C6H7KO2). The concentration of each preservative was 0.1%; 0.2% and 0.3%. A one-week observation was made. The result showed that there was no significant difference on the durability of the preserved waste and the non-preserved waste. This can be seen from the physical properties (color and texture). However, there was difference in odor. The non-preserved waste tended to produce unpleasant smell than the preserved waste. This odor affected the capability to attract the flies to the processed cocoa waste. The Bactrocera was highly responsive to the waste containing preservative 0.3% sodium chloride, followed by 0.2% potassium sorbate and 0.1% sodium benzoate.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pertumbuhan, viabilitas dan produksi kokon ulat sutera Bombyx mori L yang diberi pakan alami dan pakan buatan berpengawet. Penelitian ini menggunakan ulat sutera Bombyx mori L. ras 301 hasil silangan ras Jepang dengan ras Cina yang diperoleh dari Pusat Produksi Ulat Sutera Temanggung. Variabel yang diukur selama penelitian adalah rata-rata pertambahan bobot badan, viabilitas, jumlah kokon,bobot kokon utuh dan kokon kosong. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pakan buatan dan pakan alami menghasilkan perbedaan nyata terhadap pertumbuhan bobot badan, viabilitas, jumlah kokon, bobot kokon utuh dan kokon kosong. Pertumbuhan ulat sutera yang diberi pakan buatan berpengawet lebih rendah dibanding pertumbuhan ulat sutera dengan pakan alami, akan tetapi sebaliknya viabilitas dan produksi kokon lebih baik. The aim of this research was to compare the difference of growth, viability and cocoon production of silkworm (Bombyx mori L) fed by natural food and preserved artificial food. The artificial food were prepared with the addition of preservatives. The research used the silkworms Bombyx mori L variant 301 resulted from the crossbreeding between the Japanese silkworms and the Chinese silkworms obtained from PPUS, Temanggung. The parameters observed were the average body weight gain, the viability and the production of cocoon (the weight of the whole cocoon and the weight of empty cocoon). The data obtained was analyzed using t-test. The result confirmed that the artificial feeding and the natural feeding showed a significant difference in the increase of body weight, the viability and the production of cocoons of Bombyx mori L. It was concluded that the growth of body weight of silkworms fed with artificial feeding was lower than those fed with natural feeding, but higher in the viability and the cocoon production.