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Crude bio-oil, extracted from endocarp bio-waste of Ziziphus mauritiana by direct liquefaction (ethanol-water 1:1 w/w; 300 °C), was used to replace petro-phenol (30% to 75% w/w) in the development of bio-oil-phenol formaldehyde (BPF) resol resins. Cure kinetics of the BPF resins were studied by the DSC method, while the thermal degradation was studied by the TGA method. Bonding performance of the BPF resins was measured by single lap-shear method, while biocidal properties were investigated by antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) test. The DSC studies revealed that beyond 45% bio-oil incorporation (BOI), the curing process of the BPF resins got deferred. The TGA studies showed that BOI decreased the thermal stability of the BPF resins by lowering the decomposition temperatures and the char residue. The measured values of antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) revealed that incorporation of bio-oil enhanced the fungal and termite resistance of the resins. From data of thermal cure, bonding strength, thermal stability, and biocidal properties of the BPF resins it appears that petro-phenol could be substituted by up to 45% w/w of crude bio-oil safely in the development of bio-oil-phenol formaldehyde resol resins.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of bio-oil incorporation on properties of bio-oil-phenol formaldehyde (BPF) resol resins along with the optimization of petro-phenol substitution level. Crude bio-oil prepared from endocarp shells of Ziziphus mauritiana by direct solvolytic liquefaction (ethanol-water 1:1 wt./wt. at 300 °C) was used to partially substitute the petro-phenol (30% to 75% wt./wt.) in the resin synthesis. The modified resins were subjected to measurement of various properties, including molecular weight, pH, viscosity, density, gel/cure time, non-volatile solid content, and limiting oxygen index. Bonding performance of the BPF resins was evaluated by measuring the mechanical and hygroscopic properties of the particle boards developed using such resins. With the incorporation of bio-oil, the viscosity and molecular weight of the BPF resins increased, while the values of pH, density, non-volatile solid content, and limiting oxygen index decreased. The gel, cure, and bonding tests revealed that with the addition of more than 45% bio-oil, the gel/cure times of the BPF resins increased, while the bonding performance decreased. Petro-phenol could therefore be substituted by crude bio-oil up to 45% wt./wt. safely.

Crude bio-oil, extracted from endocarp bio-waste of Ziziphus mauritiana by direct liquefaction (ethanol-water 1:1 w/w; 300 °C), was used to replace petro-phenol (30% to 75% w/w) in the development of bio-oilphenol formaldehyde (BPF) resol resins. Cure kinetics of the BPF resins were studied by the DSC method, while the thermal degradation was studied by the TGA method. Bonding performance of the BPF resins was measured by single lap-shear method, while biocidal properties were investigated by antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) test. The DSC studies revealed that beyond 45% bio-oil incorporation (BOI), the curing process of the BPF resins got deferred. The TGA studies showed that BOI decreased the thermal stability of the BPF resins by lowering the decomposition temperatures and the char residue. The measured values of antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) revealed that incorporation of bio-oil enhanced the fungal and termite resistance of the resins. From data of thermal cure, bonding strength, thermal stability, and biocidal properties of the BPF resins it appears that petro-phenol could be substituted by up to 45% w/w of crude bio-oil safely in the development of bio-oil-phenol formaldehyde resol resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of bio-oil incorporation on properties of bio-oil-phenol formaldehyde (BPF) resol resins along with the optimization of petro-phenol substitution level. Crude bio-oil prepared from endocarp shells of Ziziphus mauritiana by direct solvolytic liquefaction (ethanol-water 1:1 wt./wt. at 300 °C) was used to partially substitute the petro-phenol (30% to 75% wt./wt.) in the resin synthesis. The modified resins were subjected to measurement of various properties, including molecular weight, pH, viscosity, density, gel/cure time, non-volatile solid content, and limiting oxygen index. Bonding performance of the BPF resins was evaluated by measuring the mechanical and hygroscopic properties of the particle boards developed using such resins. With the incorporation of bio-oil, the viscosity and molecular weight of the BPF resins increased, while the values of pH, density, non-volatile solid content, and limiting oxygen index decreased. The gel, cure, and bonding tests revealed that with the addition of more than 45% bio-oil, the gel/cure times of the BPF resins increased, while the bonding performance decreased. Petro-phenol could therefore be substituted by crude bio-oil up to 45% wt./wt. safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]