1. Mechanisms of Immunothrombosis by SARS-CoV-2
- Author
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Eduardo Pérez-Campos Mayoral, Margarito Martínez Cruz, Alma Dolores Pérez-Santiago, Carlos Alberto Matias-Cervantes, Eduardo Pérez-Campos, Francisco Javier Rodal Canales, María Teresa Hernández-Huerta, Judith Luna Ángel, Gabriel Mayoral-Andrade, Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral, Carlos Romero Díaz, Luis Manuel Sánchez Navarro, and Abraham Majluf-Cruz
- Subjects
Blood Platelets ,immunothrombosis ,Inflammation ,Review ,Microbiology ,Biochemistry ,Extracellular Traps ,Thromboplastin ,Histones ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Tissue factor ,Mice ,medicine ,Alarmins ,Animals ,Humans ,Molecular Biology ,Blood Coagulation ,damage-associated molecular patterns ,Thromboinflammation ,pathogen-associated molecular patterns ,biology ,Heparin ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Pathogen-associated molecular pattern ,Thrombin ,RNA ,COVID-19 ,Thrombosis ,Neutrophil extracellular traps ,DNA ,QR1-502 ,Neuropilin-1 ,extracellular RNA ,Cell biology ,Histone ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ,medicine.symptom ,Extracellular RNA ,Signal Transduction ,extracellular DNA - Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 contains certain molecules that are related to the presence of immunothrombosis. Here, we review the pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns. We also study the imbalance of different molecules participating in immunothrombosis, such as tissue factor, factors of the contact system, histones, and the role of cells, such as endothelial cells, platelets, and neutrophil extracellular traps. Regarding the pathogenetic mechanism, we discuss clinical trials, case-control studies, comparative and translational studies, and observational studies of regulatory or inhibitory molecules, more specifically, extracellular DNA and RNA, histones, sensors for RNA and DNA, as well as heparin and heparinoids. Overall, it appears that a network of cells and molecules identified in this axis is simultaneously but differentially affecting patients at different stages of COVID-19, and this is characterized by endothelial damage, microthrombosis, and inflammation.
- Published
- 2021