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Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons with impaired motor and non-motor symptoms. It has been suggested that motor asymmetry could be caused due to an imbalance in dopamine levels, as visualized by dopamine transporter single emission computed tomography test (DAT-SPECT), which might be related to indirect measures of neurodegeneration, evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and α-synuclein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Therefore, this study aimed to understand the correlation between disease laterality, DAT-SPECT, cognition, and α-synuclein levels in PD. Methods: A total of 28 patients in the moderate-advanced stage of PD were subjected to neurological evaluation, TRODAT-1-SPECT/CT imaging, MOCA, and quantification of the levels of α-synuclein. Results: We found that α-synuclein in the CSF was correlated with global cognition (positive correlation, r2 = 0.3, p = 0.05) and DAT-SPECT concentration in the putamen (positive correlation, r2 = 0.4, p = 0.005), and striatum (positive correlation, r2 = 0.2, p = 0.03), thus working as a neurodegenerative biomarker. No other correlations were found between DAT-SPECT, CSF α-synuclein, and cognition, thus suggesting that they may be lost with disease progression. Conclusions: Our data highlight the importance of understanding the dysfunction of the dopaminergic system in the basal ganglia and its complex interactions in modulating cognition.