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We report small-angle x-ray scattering cross-section measurements of materials used in mimicking anatomical and lesion characteristics that demonstrate the structural characterization capabilities of the technique and provide a database for use in computational models of novel x-ray imaging modalities and for the development of imaging phantoms. Materials include PMMA, hydroxyapatite, whewellite, parchment, and photopolymers in the q range of 0.08–1.86 A−1. Characteristic peaks were observed and peak maxima were obtained from the data for the different materials. Our measurements are made available and can be used in x-ray transport simulation experiments.