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The Multi-Algorithm Artifact Correction (MAAC) procedure is presented for electroencephalographic (EEG) data, as made freely available in the open-source EP Toolkit (Dien, 2010). First the major EEG artifact correction methods (regression, spatial filters, principal components analysis, and independent components analysis) are reviewed. Contrary to the dominant approach of picking one method that is thought to be most effective, this review concludes that none are globally superior, but rather each has strengths and weaknesses. Then each of the major artifact types are reviewed (Blink, Corneo-Retinal Dipole, Saccadic Spike Potential, and Movement). For each one, it is proposed that one of the major correction methods is best matched to address it, resulting in the MAAC procedure. The MAAC itself is then presented, as implemented in the EP Toolkit, in order to provide a sense of the user experience. The primary goal of this present paper is to make the conceptual argument for the MAAC approach., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

As cognitive and neural models of language processing have developed, so have the ranks of language-related event-related potential (ERP) components. This special issue is intended to showcase current cutting-edge research on this topic, with an emphasis on those ERP components peaking earlier than the N400, and their implications for neurocognitive language models. Both reading and speech comprehension are addressed due to the close relationship between these two topics. As the contents of this special issue illustrate, the high temporal resolution of the ERP methodology makes it especially suitable for illuminating three fundamental questions about the language comprehension process: (1) How early is semantics? (2) In what order do these cognitive operations occur in? (3) To what extent are the cognitive operations serial and to what extent are they in parallel?

This paper first provides a brief review of the functional neuroanatomy of reading single words, focusing on the lexical and phonological routes. Next, early (defined as peaking prior to 350 ms) reading event-related potential components are summarized. A comprehensive effort is made to organize existing observations into a coherent scheme and commentary is made on terminology. Proposals are made regarding the cognitive function reflected by each ERP component and the associated generator sites. The overall framework constitutes a neurocognitive model of reading and demonstrates how the high temporal resolution of event-related potentials can provide additional insights into the reading process beyond those available from behavioral and neuroimaging studies, with a special focus on how the two pathways implied in reading are coordinated. The present model suggests that there are two such coordinating operations, convergence processes during an initial information burst and resonance processes during an extended harmonization process that follows.