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Land cover change is the largest direct driver of global biodiversity loss but often the relationships between habitats and species occurrence are unknown. The conservation community requires tools to assess variation in biodiversity related to land cover for maximizing return on investment. Our objectives were to 1) develop a biodiversity mapping and assessment tool at a fine spatial scale for terrestrial vertebrates, and 2) test how much biodiversity is conserved by retaining natural habitats within agricultural landscapes. We built species distribution models for amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles (329 species, > 1.2 million observations) within Prairie Canada. Predicted biodiversity within 805 m × 805 m sites ranged from 0 to 238 species (66 ± 0.1). The proportion of annual cropland at a site had the largest negative effect on biodiversity among predictors. Using simulations of land cover change, we predicted that conserving 20 % of natural habitats would conserve an average of 26.5 % of maximum species richness in fields with annual cropland and 74.3 % of maximum species richness in fields with tame grass (perennial cropland). Our tool predicted that fields with conservation easements (n = 312) had more species (114 ± 2) and natural habitat (48 ± 1 %) compared to nearby unprotected sites (82 ± 3 species; 32 ± 2 % natural habitat). Our results highlight the importance of retaining natural habitats, including wetlands, grasslands, and forests within farms to support biodiversity. In addition, our predictions can be used to target areas for conserving and restoring habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid expansion of cropland threatens grassland ecosystems across western North America and broad-scale planning can be a catalyst motivating individuals and agencies to accelerate conservation. Sprague's Pipit ( Anthus spragueii ) is an imperiled grassland songbird whose population has been declining rapidly in recent decades. Here, we present a strategic framework for conservation of pipits and their habitat in the northern Great Plains. We modeled pipit distribution across its million-km 2 breeding range in Canada and the U.S. We describe factors shaping distribution, delineate population cores and assess vulnerability to future grassland losses. Pipits selected landscapes with a high proportion of continuous grassland within a relatively cool, moist climate. Sixty percent of the global breeding population occurred in Canada and 63% of the U.S. population occurred in Montana. Populations were highly clumped, with 75% of birds within 30% of their range. Approximately 20% of the population occurred on protected lands and over half used lands that were unlikely to be cultivated given current technologies. A quarter of pipits relied on remaining arable grasslands and potential population losses varied from 2–27% across scenarios. Most of the population (70%) was dependent on private lands, emphasizing the importance of voluntary approaches that incentivize good stewardship. Our maps depicting core populations and tillage risk enable partners to target conservation in landscapes where pipits will benefit most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The expansion of agricultural plantations at the expense of forest drives dramatic losses of biodiversity and carbon. Consumers are now demanding sustainability in tropical agriculture and producers are responding with questionable certification standards. Many certification schemes—including those for oil palm, soy, sugar cane and cacao—rely upon the High Conservation Value (HCV) concept to prevent unacceptable losses of biodiversity to agricultural conversion. This concept protects very rare species or habitats, exceptional concentrations of wildlife, or large landscape-level areas of forest. Yet much biodiversity persists below these thresholds yielding the spectre of unsustainable conversion of forest to certified plantation crops under a green label. To meet more rigorous standards of sustainability, tropical plantations would have to retain large patches of native forests in the matrix. We highlight six critical areas in need of consideration by conservation scientists, practitioners and certification processes. In particular, the application of HCV to sustainable agricultural development at the national-level, the use of Imperata grasslands and abandoned agriculture, the creation of Biobanks, and increased price premiums for certified crops could redound to the long-term protection of tropical biodiversity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Designing conservation areas entails costs that, if considered explicitly, can be minimized while still achieving conservation targets. Here we focus on opportunity costs which measure forgone benefits from alternative land uses. Conservation planning studies often use partial estimates of costs, but the extent to which these result in actual efficiencies has not been demonstrated. Our study partitions land costs into three distinct opportunity costs to smallholder agriculture, soybean agriculture and ranching. We demonstrate that opportunity costs to single stakeholder groups can be inaccurate measures of true opportunity costs and can inadvertently shift conservation costs to affect groups of stakeholders disproportionately. Additionally, we examine how spatial correlations between costs as well as target size affect the performance of opportunity costs to single stakeholder groups as surrogate measures of true opportunity costs. We conclude that planning with opportunity costs to single stakeholder groups can result in cost burdens to other groups that could undermine the long-term success of conservation. Thus, an understanding of the spatial distributions of opportunity costs that are disaggregated to groups of stakeholders is necessary to make informed decisions about priority conservation areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]