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The document "Featured Papers in Computer Methods in Biomedicine" from the journal Bioengineering (Basel) highlights seven research papers showcasing the intersection of computer science and biomedicine. The papers cover topics such as predicting low bone mineral density in older women, improving ML models for disease prediction, creating patient-specific anatomical reconstructions, detecting atrial fibrillation, classifying Parkinson's disease patients, analyzing EEG data for brain connectivity, and exploring EEG-based brain-machine interfaces for older adults. The document emphasizes the potential of computational methods to revolutionize healthcare through personalized treatments, improved diagnostics, and enhanced patient outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Biodiesel can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, frying oils, and from microorganism-synthesized oils. These sources render biodiesel an easily biodegradable fuel. The aim of this work was to perform an advanced bibliometric analysis of primary studies relating to biodiesel production worldwide by identifying the key countries and regions that have shown a strong engagement in this area, and by understanding the dynamics of their collaboration and research outputs. Additionally, an assessment of the main primary feedstocks employed in this research was carried out, along with an analysis of the current and future trends that are expected to define new paths and methodologies to be used in the manufacture of biodegradable and renewable fuels. A total of 4586 academic outputs were selected, including peer-reviewed research articles, conference papers, and literature reviews related to biodiesel production, in the time period spanning from 2010 to 2021. Articles that focused on feedstocks for the production of biodiesel were also included, with a search that returned 330 papers. Lastly, 60 articles relating to biodiesel production via sewage were specifically included to allow for an analysis of this source as a promising feedstock in the future of the biofuel market. Via the geocoding and the document analyses performed, we concluded that China, Malaysia, and India are the largest writers of articles in this area, revealing a great interest in biofuels in Asia. Additionally, it was noted that environmental concerns have caused authors to conduct research on feedstocks that can address the sustainability challenges in the production of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signal processing is a very useful field of study in the interpretation of signals in many everyday applications. In the case of applications with time-varying signals, one possibility is to consider them as graphs, so graph theory arises, which extends classical methods to the non-Euclidean domain. In addition, machine learning techniques have been widely used in pattern recognition activities in a wide variety of tasks, including health sciences. The objective of this work is to identify and analyze the papers in the literature that address the use of machine learning applied to graph signal processing in health sciences. A search was performed in four databases (Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, ACM, and MDPI), using search strings to identify papers that are in the scope of this review. Finally, 45 papers were included in the analysis, the first being published in 2015, which indicates an emerging area. Among the gaps found, we can mention the need for better clinical interpretability of the results obtained in the papers, that is not to restrict the results or conclusions simply to performance metrics. In addition, a possible research direction is the use of new transforms. It is also important to make new public datasets available that can be used to train the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides comprehensive insights into the cornea and its diseases, with a particular focus on keratoconus. This paper explores the cornea's function in maintaining ocular health, detailing its anatomy, pathological conditions, and the latest developments in diagnostic techniques. Keratoconus is discussed extensively, covering its subtypes, etiology, clinical manifestations, and the application of the Q-value for quantification. Several diagnostic techniques, such as corneal topography, are crucial points of discussion. This paper also examines the use of machine learning models, specifically Decision Tree and Nearest Neighbor Analysis, which enhance the accuracy of diagnosing based on topographical corneal parameters from corneal topography. These models provide valuable insights into disease progression and aid in clinical decision making. Integrating these technologies in medical research opens promising avenues for enhanced disease detection. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of Decision Tree and Nearest Neighbor Analysis in classifying and predicting conditions based on corneal parameters. The Decision Tree achieved classification accuracy of 62% for training and 65.7% for testing, while Nearest Neighbor Analysis yielded 65.4% for training and 62.6% for holdout samples. These models offer valuable insights into the progression and severity of keratoconus, aiding clinicians in treatment and management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the analysis of the functional status of forearm blood vessels, this paper fully considers the orientation of the vascular skeleton and the geometric characteristics of blood vessels and proposes a blood vessel width calculation algorithm based on the radius estimation of the tangent circle (RETC) in forearm near-infrared images. First, the initial infrared image obtained by the infrared camera is preprocessed by image cropping, contrast stretching, denoising, enhancement, and initial segmentation. Second, the Zhang–Suen refinement algorithm is used to extract the vascular skeleton. Third, the Canny edge detection method is used to perform vascular edge detection. Finally, a RETC algorithm is developed to calculate the vessel width. This paper evaluates the accuracy of the proposed RETC algorithm, and experimental results show that the mean absolute error between the vessel width obtained by our algorithm and the reference vessel width is as low as 0.36, with a variance of only 0.10, which can be significantly reduced compared to traditional calculation measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial in the journal "Bioengineering (Basel)" discusses recent advances in fluid mechanics and acoustics in biomedical engineering. The research focuses on physiological processes in circulatory and respiratory systems, phonation, and their impact on human health. The article highlights the importance of computational tools and experimental diagnostics in developing new therapies and medical devices. Thirteen papers in the issue cover topics such as upper airway flow, cardiovascular flow, and blood rheology, showcasing the interdisciplinary nature of the field. [Extracted from the article]

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, as of January 2023, there have been over 670 million cases and more than 6.8 million deaths worldwide. Infections can cause inflammation in the lungs and decrease blood oxygen levels, which can lead to breathing difficulties and endanger life. As the situation continues to escalate, non-contact machines are used to assist patients at home to monitor their blood oxygen levels without encountering others. This paper uses a general network camera to capture the forehead area of a person's face, using the RPPG (remote photoplethysmography) principle. Then, image signal processing of red and blue light waves is carried out. By utilizing the principle of light reflection, the standard deviation and mean are calculated, and the blood oxygen saturation is computed. Finally, the effect of illuminance on the experimental values is discussed. The experimental results of this paper were compared with a blood oxygen meter certified by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan, and the experimental results had only a maximum error of 2%, which is better than the 3% to 5% error rates in other studies The measurement time was only 30 s, which is better than the one minute reported using similar equipment in other studies. Therefore, this paper not only saves equipment expenses but also provides convenience and safety for those who need to monitor their blood oxygen levels at home. Future applications can combine the SpO2 detection software with camera-equipped devices such as smartphones and laptops. The public can detect SpO2 on their own mobile devices, providing a convenient and effective tool for personal health management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective physical function assessment is crucial for determining patient eligibility for treatment and adjusting the treatment intensity. Existing assessments, such as performance status, are not well standardized, despite their frequent use in daily clinical practice. This paper explored how artificial intelligence (AI) could predict physical function scores from various patient data sources and reviewed methods to measure objective physical function using this technology. This review included relevant articles published in English that were retrieved from PubMed. These studies utilized AI technology to predict physical function indices from patient data extracted from videos, sensors, or electronic health records, thereby eliminating manual measurements. Studies that used AI technology solely to automate traditional evaluations were excluded. These technologies are recommended for future clinical systems that perform repeated objective physical function assessments in all patients without requiring extra time, personnel, or resources. This enables the detection of minimal changes in a patient's condition, enabling early intervention and enhanced outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physiological similarities between mice and humans make them vital animal models in biological and medical research. This paper explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in analyzing mice behavior, emphasizing AI's potential to identify and classify these behaviors. Traditional methods struggle to capture subtle behavioral features, whereas AI can automatically extract quantitative features from large datasets. Consequently, this study aims to leverage AI to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of mice behavior analysis. The paper reviews various applications of mice behavior analysis, categorizes deep learning tasks based on an AI pyramid, and summarizes AI methods for addressing these tasks. The findings indicate that AI technologies are increasingly applied in mice behavior analysis, including disease detection, assessment of external stimuli effects, social behavior analysis, and neurobehavioral assessment. The selection of AI methods is crucial and must align with specific applications. Despite AI's promising potential in mice behavior analysis, challenges such as insufficient datasets and benchmarks remain. Furthermore, there is a need for a more integrated AI platform, along with standardized datasets and benchmarks, to support these analyses and further advance AI-driven mice behavior analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)-based systems in medicine is growing, and these systems are being used for disease diagnosis, drug development, and treatment personalization. Some of these systems are designed to perform activities that demand human cognitive function. However, use of these systems in routine care by patients and caregivers lags behind expectations. This paper reviews several challenges that healthcare systems face and the obstacles of integrating digital systems into routine care. This paper focuses on integrating digital systems with human physicians. It describes second-generation AI systems designed to move closer to biology and reduce complexity, augmenting but not replacing physicians to improve patient outcomes. The constrained disorder principle (CDP) defines complex biological systems by their degree of regulated variability. This paper describes the CDP-based second-generation AI platform, which is the basis for the Digital Pill that is humanizing AI by moving closer to human biology via using the inherent variability of biological systems for improving outcomes. This system augments physicians, assisting them in decision-making to improve patients' responses and adherence but not replacing healthcare providers. It restores the efficacy of chronic drugs and improves adherence while generating data-driven therapeutic regimens. While AI can substitute for many medical activities, it is unlikely to replace human physicians. Human doctors will continue serving patients with capabilities augmented by AI. The described co-piloting model better reflects biological pathways and provides assistance to physicians for better care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a real-time wearable system designed to assist Parkinson's disease patients experiencing freezing of gait episodes. The system utilizes advanced machine learning models, including convolutional and recurrent neural networks, enhanced with past sample data preprocessing to achieve high accuracy, efficiency, and robustness. By continuously monitoring gait patterns, the system provides timely interventions, improving mobility and reducing the impact of freezing episodes. This paper explores the implementation of a CNN+RNN+PS machine learning model on a microcontroller-based device. The device operates at a real-time processing rate of 40 Hz and is deployed in practical settings to provide 'on demand' vibratory stimulation to patients. This paper examines the system's ability to operate with minimal latency, achieving an average detection delay of just 261 milliseconds and a freezing of gait detection accuracy of 95.1%. While patients received on-demand stimulation, the system's effectiveness was assessed by decreasing the average duration of freezing of gait episodes by 45%. These preliminarily results underscore the potential of personalized, real-time feedback systems in enhancing the quality of life and rehabilitation outcomes for patients with movement disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking, a basic physical movement of the human body, is a resource for observers in forming interpersonal impressions. We have previously investigated the expression and perception of the attractiveness of female gaits. In this paper, drawing on our previous research, additional analysis, and reviewing previous studies, we seek to deepen our understanding of the function of gait attractiveness. First, we review previous research on gait as nonverbal information. Then, we show that fashion models' gaits reflect sociocultural genderlessness, while nonmodels express reproductive-related biological attractiveness. Next, we discuss the functions of gait attractiveness based on statistical models that link gait parameters and attractiveness scores. Finally, we focus on observers' perception of attractiveness, constructing a model of the visual information processing with respect to gait attractiveness. Overall, our results suggest that there are not only biological but also sociocultural criteria for gait attractiveness, and men and women place greater importance on the former and latter criteria, respectively, when assessing female gait attractiveness. This paper forms a major step forward in neuroaesthetics to understand the beauty of the human body and the generation of biological motions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to review the State of the Art in metal self-expanding stents made from nitinol (NiTi), showing shape memory and superelastic behaviors, to identify the challenges and the opportunities for improving patient outcomes. A significant contribution of this paper is its extensive coverage of multidisciplinary aspects, including design, simulation, materials development, manufacturing, bio/hemocompatibility, biomechanics, biomimicry, patency, and testing methodologies. Additionally, the paper offers in-depth insights into the latest practices and emerging trends, with a special emphasis on the transformative potential of additive manufacturing techniques in the development of metal stents. By consolidating existing knowledge and highlighting areas for future innovation, this review provides a valuable roadmap for advancing nitinol stents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the importance of developing engineering technologies to prevent musculoskeletal injuries and improve treatment and rehabilitation strategies. It highlights recent advancements in implant design, surgical techniques, rehabilitation protocols, and injury prevention technologies. The document also introduces a special issue of Bioengineering dedicated to advanced engineering technologies in orthopedic research, featuring eight papers on topics such as posture control in the elderly, artificial intelligence preoperative planning, shape memory implants for osteoporotic fractures, in vitro joint testing systems, pedicle screw performance, knee arthroplasty designs, gait analysis for fracture healing, and shoulder arthrometry. The papers aim to improve the prevention of injuries, enhance implant compatibility, optimize post-operative function, and provide innovative diagnostic and therapeutic technologies for musculoskeletal diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Dermatological conditions are primarily prevalent in humans and are primarily caused by environmental and climatic fluctuations, as well as various other reasons. Timely identification is the most effective remedy to avert minor ailments from escalating into severe conditions. Diagnosing skin illnesses is consistently challenging for health practitioners. Presently, they rely on conventional methods, such as examining the condition of the skin. State-of-the-art technologies can enhance the accuracy of skin disease diagnosis by utilizing data-driven approaches. This paper presents a Computer Assisted Diagnosis (CAD) framework that has been developed to detect skin illnesses at an early stage. We suggest a computationally efficient and lightweight deep learning model that utilizes a CNN architecture. We then do thorough experiments to compare the performance of shallow and deep learning models. The CNN model under consideration consists of seven convolutional layers and has obtained an accuracy of 87.64% when applied to three distinct disease categories. The studies were conducted using the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) dataset, which exclusively consists of dermoscopic images. This study enhances the field of skin disease diagnostics by utilizing state-of-the-art technology, attaining exceptional levels of accuracy, and striving for efficiency improvements. The unique features and future considerations of this technology create opportunities for additional advancements in the automated diagnosis of skin diseases and tailored treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of 2020, Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) has attracted the attention of the World Health Organization (WHO). This paper looks into the infection mechanism, patient symptoms, and laboratory diagnosis, followed by an extensive assessment of different technologies and computerized models (based on Electrocardiographic signals (ECG), Voice, and X-ray techniques) proposed as a diagnostic tool for the accurate detection of COVID-19. The found papers showed high accuracy rate results, ranging between 85.70% and 100%, and F1-Scores from 89.52% to 100%. With this state-of-the-art, we concluded that the models proposed for the detection of COVID-19 already have significant results, but the area still has room for improvement, given the vast symptomatology and the better comprehension of individuals' evolution of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bone defect therapy is a common clinical challenge for orthopedic and clinical physicians worldwide, and the therapeutic effect affects the physiological function and healthy life quality of millions of patients. Compared with traditional autogenous bone transplants, bone xenografts are attracting attention due to their advantages of unlimited availability and avoidance of secondary damage. However, there is currently a lack of bibliometric analysis on bone xenograft. This study aimed to use bibliometric methods to analyze the literature on bone xenograft from 2013 to 2023, to explore the current status, hotspots, and future trends of research in this field, and to promote its development and progress. Methods: Using the Web of Science Core Collection database, we retrieved and collected publication data related to xenogeneic bone grafting materials worldwide from January 2013 to March 2023. Origin (2021), CiteSpace (6.2.R2 standard), and an online bibliometric platform were used for bibliometric analysis and data visualization. Results: A total of 3395 documents were retrieved, and 686 eligible papers were selected. The country and institutions with the highest number of publications and centrality were the United States (125 papers, centrality = 0.44) and the University of Zurich (29 papers, centrality = 0.28), respectively. The most cited author was Araujo MG (163 times), and the author with the most significant centrality was Froum SJ (centrality = 0.09). The main keyword clusters were "tissue engineering", "sinus floor elevation", "dental implants", "tooth extraction", and "bone substitutes". The most significant bursting keywords in the last three years were "platelet rich fibrin". Conclusions: Research on bone xenograft is steadily growing and will continue to rise. Currently, research hotspots and directions are mainly focused on dental implants related to bone-augmentation techniques and bone tissue engineering. In the future, research hotspots and directions may focus on decellularization technology and investigations involving platelet-rich fibrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise display of blood vessel information for doctors is crucial. This is not only true for facilitating intravenous injections, but also for the diagnosis and analysis of diseases. Currently, infrared cameras can be used to capture images of superficial blood vessels. However, their imaging quality always has the problems of noises, breaks, and uneven vascular information. In order to overcome these problems, this paper proposes an image segmentation algorithm based on the background subtraction and improved mathematical morphology. The algorithm regards the image as a superposition of blood vessels into the background, removes the noise by calculating the size of connected domains, achieves uniform blood vessel width, and smooths edges that reflect the actual blood vessel state. The algorithm is evaluated subjectively and objectively in this paper to provide a basis for vascular image quality assessment. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively extract accurate and clear vascular information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to perform an abrasive wear resistance study of UMHWPE and XLPE by using different grades of abrasive paper (grade 100 (190 µm), grade 220 (50 µm), and grade 400 (40 µm)) with minor (10 N) and major (15 N) loading conditions. In this article, wear performance of the UMHWPE and XLPE materials compared to the bio-tribological data as reported earlier in the clinical studies has been investigated. The experimental result shows that the loss of materials for the XLPE was much higher than the UHMWPE under similar loading conditions. UHMWPE shows a 34% reduction in wear at minor loading conditions and a 53% reduction in wear at major loading conditions. From experimental results it was concluded that Cross-link PE has better wear resistance than UHMWPE in minor wear conditions, whereas UHMWPE shows better wear resistance under major loading conditions. Based upon these results, UHMWPE and XLPE have been recommended for use as bearing materials in orthopedics. The experimental results of this study were validated using results from the available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the quality of life for people with vision impairments has been an important goal in the research and design of assistive devices for several decades. This paper seeks to further that goal by introducing a novel assistive technology platform that leverages real-time 3D spatial audio to promote safe and efficient navigation for people who are blind or visually impaired (PVI). The presented platform, EchoSee, uses modern 3D scanning technology on a mobile device to construct a live, digital 3D map of a user's environment as they move about their surroundings. Spatialized, virtual audio sources (i.e., virtual speakers) are dynamically placed within the digital 3D scan of the world, providing the navigator with a real-time 3D stereo audio "soundscape." The digital 3D map, and its resultant soundscape, are continuously updated as the user moves about their environment. The generated soundscape is played back through headphones connected to the navigator's device. This paper details (1) the underlying technical components and how they were integrated to produce the mobile application that generates a dynamic soundscape on a consumer mobile device, (2) a methodology for analyzing navigation performance with the application, (3) the design and execution of a user study investigating the effectiveness of the presented system, and (4) a discussion of the results of that study along with a proposed future study and possible improvements. Altogether, this paper presents a novel software platform aimed at assisting individuals with vision impairments to navigate and understand spaces safely, efficiently, and independently and the results of a feasibility study analyzing the viability of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personalized orthopedic devices are increasingly favored for their potential to enhance long-term treatment success. Despite significant advancements across various disciplines, the seamless integration and full automation of personalized orthopedic treatments remain elusive. This paper identifies key interdisciplinary gaps in integrating and automating advanced technologies for personalized orthopedic treatment. It begins by outlining the standard clinical practices in orthopedic treatments and the extent of personalization achievable. The paper then explores recent innovations in artificial intelligence, biomaterials, genomic and proteomic analyses, lab-on-a-chip, medical imaging, image-based biomechanical finite element modeling, biomimicry, 3D printing and bioprinting, and implantable sensors, emphasizing their contributions to personalized treatments. Tentative strategies or solutions are proposed to address the interdisciplinary gaps by utilizing innovative technologies. The key findings highlight the need for the non-invasive quantitative assessment of bone quality, patient-specific biocompatibility, and device designs that address individual biological and mechanical conditions. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of these technologies and the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration to integrate and automate them into a cohesive, intelligent system for personalized orthopedic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical image registration has become pivotal in recent years with the integration of various imaging modalities like X-ray, ultrasound, MRI, and CT scans, enabling comprehensive analysis and diagnosis of biological structures. This paper provides a comprehensive review of registration techniques for medical images, with an in-depth focus on 2D-2D image registration methods. While 3D registration is briefly touched upon, the primary emphasis remains on 2D techniques and their applications. This review covers registration techniques for diverse modalities, including unimodal, multimodal, interpatient, and intra-patient. The paper explores the challenges encountered in medical image registration, including geometric distortion, differences in image properties, outliers, and optimization convergence, and discusses their impact on registration accuracy and reliability. Strategies for addressing these challenges are highlighted, emphasizing the need for continual innovation and refinement of techniques to enhance the accuracy and reliability of medical image registration systems. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of accurate medical image registration in improving diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of computational infrastructure has led to unprecedented growth in machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision, fundamentally transforming the analysis of retinal images. By utilizing a wide array of visual cues extracted from retinal fundus images, sophisticated artificial intelligence models have been developed to diagnose various retinal disorders. This paper concentrates on the detection of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a significant retinal condition, by offering an exhaustive examination of recent machine learning and deep learning methodologies. Additionally, it discusses potential obstacles and constraints associated with implementing this technology in the field of ophthalmology. Through a systematic review, this research aims to assess the efficacy of machine learning and deep learning techniques in discerning AMD from different modalities as they have shown promise in the field of AMD and retinal disorders diagnosis. Organized around prevalent datasets and imaging techniques, the paper initially outlines assessment criteria, image preprocessing methodologies, and learning frameworks before conducting a thorough investigation of diverse approaches for AMD detection. Drawing insights from the analysis of more than 30 selected studies, the conclusion underscores current research trajectories, major challenges, and future prospects in AMD diagnosis, providing a valuable resource for both scholars and practitioners in the domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the progressively escalating incidence and exceptionally high fatality rate of cutaneous melanoma have drawn the attention of numerous scholars. Magnetic induction hyperthermia, as an efficacious tumor treatment modality, has been promoted and applied in the therapy of some tumors. In this paper, the melanoma atop the mice's heads was chosen as the research subject, and a magnetic induction hyperthermia approach based on Helmholtz coils as the magnetic field excitation was investigated and designed. The influence of the electromagnetic field and thermal field on organisms was addressed through modeling by COMSOL simulation software. The results showed that the maximum values of induced electric field and magnetic induction strength in mouse tumor tissues were 63.1 V/m and 8.5621 mT, respectively, which reached the threshold value of magnetic field strength required for magnetic induction hyperthermia. The maxima of the induced electric field and magnetic induction intensity in brain tissues are, respectively, 35.828 V/m and 8.57 mT. Approximately 93% of the tumor tissue can reach 42 °C, and the maximum temperature is 44.2 °C. Within this temperature range, a large quantity of tumor cells can be successfully induced to undergo apoptosis without harming normal cells, and the therapeutic effect is favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) would result in subarachnoid hemorrhage with high mortality and disability. Predicting the risk of IAs rupture remains a challenge. Methods: This paper proposed an effective method for classifying IAs rupture status by integrating a PointNet-based model and machine learning algorithms. First, medical image segmentation and reconstruction algorithms were applied to 3D Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) imaging data to construct three-dimensional IAs geometric models. Geometrical parameters of IAs were then acquired using Geomagic, followed by the computation of hemodynamic clouds and hemodynamic parameters using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A PointNet-based model was developed to extract different dimensional hemodynamic cloud features. Finally, five types of machine learning algorithms were applied on geometrical parameters, hemodynamic parameters, and hemodynamic cloud features to classify and recognize IAs rupture status. The classification performance of different dimensional hemodynamic cloud features was also compared. Results: The 16-, 32-, 64-, and 1024-dimensional hemodynamic cloud features were extracted with the PointNet-based model, respectively, and the four types of cloud features in combination with the geometrical parameters and hemodynamic parameters were respectively applied to classify the rupture status of IAs. The best classification outcomes were achieved in the case of 16-dimensional hemodynamic cloud features, the accuracy of XGBoost, CatBoost, SVM, LightGBM, and LR algorithms was 0.887, 0.857, 0.854, 0.857, and 0.908, respectively, and the AUCs were 0.917, 0.934, 0.946, 0.920, and 0.944. In contrast, when only utilizing geometrical parameters and hemodynamic parameters, the accuracies were 0.836, 0.816, 0.826, 0.832, and 0.885, respectively, with AUC values of 0.908, 0.922, 0.930, 0.884, and 0.921. Conclusion: In this paper, classification models for IAs rupture status were constructed by integrating a PointNet-based model and machine learning algorithms. Experiments demonstrated that hemodynamic cloud features had a certain contribution weight to the classification of IAs rupture status. When 16-dimensional hemodynamic cloud features were added to the morphological and hemodynamic features, the models achieved the highest classification accuracies and AUCs. Our models and algorithms would provide valuable insights for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of IAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital twins are a relatively new form of digital modeling that has been gaining popularity in recent years. This is in large part due to their ability to update in real time to their physical counterparts and connect across multiple devices. As a result, much interest has been directed towards using digital twins in the healthcare industry. Recent advancements in smart wearable technologies have allowed for the utilization of human digital twins in healthcare. Human digital twins can be generated using biometric data from the patient gathered from wearables. These data can then be used to enhance patient care through a variety of means, such as simulated clinical trials, disease prediction, and monitoring treatment progression remotely. This revolutionary method of patient care is still in its infancy, and as such, there is limited research on using wearables to generate human digital twins for healthcare applications. This paper reviews the literature pertaining to human digital twins, including methods, applications, and challenges. The paper also presents a conceptual method for creating human body digital twins using wearable sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terahertz (THz) waves reside in the electromagnetic spectrum between the microwave and infrared bands. In recent decades, THz technology has demonstrated its potential for biomedical applications. With the highly unique characteristics of THz waves, such as the high sensitivity to water and optimal spatial resolution coupled with the characteristics of the human cornea, such as its high water content, THz technology has been explored as a potential modality to assess corneas and corneal diseases. This systematic review provides an overview of the characteristics of THz waves, the safety profile of THz technology in the field of ophthalmology, and its clinical applications, including the objective evaluation of the corneal hydration, tear film, dry eye disease, corneal endothelium, corneal elasticity, and scarring. The paper also presents our viewpoint on the present challenges and future directions of THz technology prior to its broader integration into clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioprinting, an innovative combination of biotechnology and additive manufacturing, has emerged as a transformative technology in healthcare, enabling the fabrication of functional tissues, organs, and patient-specific implants. The implementation of the aforementioned, however, introduces unique intellectual property (IP) challenges that extend beyond conventional biotechnology. The study explores three critical areas of concern: IP protection for bioprinting hardware and bioinks, ownership and ethical management of digital files derived from biological data, and the implications of commercializing bioprinted tissues and organs. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the paper analyzes existing IP frameworks, highlights their limitations when applied to bioprinting, and examines ethical dilemmas, such as ownership of bioprinted human tissues and the commodification of biological innovations. Findings suggest that current IP laws inadequately address the complexities of bioprinting, particularly in managing the intersection of proprietary technologies and ethical considerations. The study underscores the need for adaptive legal and ethical frameworks to balance innovation with equitable access and sustainability. Recommendations include the development of tailored IP policies for bioprinting and enhanced international collaboration to harmonize legal protections across jurisdictions. This work aims to provide a comprehensive foundation for stakeholders to navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of bioprinting IP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the main research on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), focusing on the progress and advancements made by researchers over the past three decades in its methods and medical imaging applications. By analyzing existing studies and developments, this review aims to provide a foundation for future research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes causes an increase in the level of blood sugar, which leads to damage to various parts of the human body. Diabetes data are used not only for providing a deeper understanding of the treatment mechanisms but also for predicting the probability that one might become sick. This paper proposes a novel methodology to perform classification in the case of heavy class imbalance, as observed in the PIMA diabetes dataset. The proposed methodology uses two novel steps, namely resampling and random shuffling prior to defining the classification model. The methodology is tested with two versions of cross validation that are appropriate in cases of class imbalance—k-fold cross validation and stratified k-fold cross validation. Our findings suggest that when having imbalanced data, shuffling the data randomly prior to a train/test split can help improve estimation metrics. Our methodology can outperform existing machine learning algorithms and complex deep learning models. Applying our proposed methodology is a simple and fast way to predict labels with class imbalance. It does not require additional techniques to balance classes. It does not involve preselecting important variables, which saves time and makes the model easy for analysis. This makes it an effective methodology for initial and further modeling of data with class imbalance. Moreover, our methodologies show how to increase the effectiveness of the machine learning models based on the standard approaches and make them more reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, image-guided brachytherapy for cervical cancer has become an important treatment method for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer, and multi-modality image registration technology is a key step in this system. However, due to the patient's own movement and other factors, the deformation between the different modalities of images is discontinuous, which brings great difficulties to the registration of pelvic computed tomography (CT/) and magnetic resonance (MR) images. In this paper, we propose a multimodality image registration network based on multistage transformation enhancement features (MTEF) to maintain the continuity of the deformation field. The model uses wavelet transform to extract different components of the image and performs fusion and enhancement processing as the input to the model. The model performs multiple registrations from local to global regions. Then, we propose a novel shared pyramid registration network that can accurately extract features from different modalities, optimizing the predicted deformation field through progressive refinement. In order to improve the registration performance, we also propose a deep learning similarity measurement method combined with bistructural morphology. On the basis of deep learning, bistructural morphology is added to the model to train the pelvic area registration evaluator, and the model can obtain parameters covering large deformation for loss function. The model was verified by the actual clinical data of cervical cancer patients. After a large number of experiments, our proposed model achieved the highest dice similarity coefficient (DSC) metric compared with the state-of-the-art registration methods. The DSC index of the MTEF algorithm is 5.64% higher than that of the TransMorph algorithm. It will effectively integrate multi-modal image information, improve the accuracy of tumor localization, and benefit more cervical cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate segmentation of brain tumors in MRI scans is critical for diagnosis and treatment planning. Traditional segmentation models, such as U-Net, excel in capturing spatial information but often struggle with complex tumor boundaries and subtle variations in image contrast. These limitations can lead to inconsistencies in identifying critical regions, impacting the accuracy of clinical outcomes. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel modification to the U-Net architecture by integrating a spatial attention mechanism designed to dynamically focus on relevant regions within MRI scans. This innovation enhances the model's ability to delineate fine tumor boundaries and improves segmentation precision. Our model was evaluated on the Figshare dataset, which includes annotated MRI images of meningioma, glioma, and pituitary tumors. The proposed model achieved a Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.93, a recall of 0.95, and an AUC of 0.94, outperforming existing approaches such as V-Net, DeepLab V3+, and nnU-Net. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in addressing key challenges like low-contrast boundaries, small tumor regions, and overlapping tumors. Furthermore, the lightweight design of the model ensures its suitability for real-time clinical applications, making it a robust tool for automated tumor segmentation. This study underscores the potential of spatial attention mechanisms to significantly enhance medical imaging models and paves the way for more effective diagnostic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular mechanical properties are critical for tissue and organ homeostasis, which are associated with many diseases and are very promising non-labeled biomarkers. Over the past two decades, many research tools based on microfluidic methods have been developed to measure the biophysical properties of single cells; however, it has still not been possible to develop a technique that allows for high-throughput, easy-to-operate and precise measurements of single-cell biophysical properties. In this paper, we review the emerging technologies implemented based on microfluidic approaches for characterizing the mechanical properties of single cells and discuss the methodological principles, advantages, limitations, and applications of various technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pivotal role of sleep has led to extensive research endeavors aimed at automatic sleep stage classification. However, existing methods perform poorly when classifying small groups or individuals, and these results are often considered outliers in terms of overall performance. These outliers may introduce bias during model training, adversely affecting feature selection and diminishing model performance. To address the above issues, this paper proposes an ensemble-based sequential convolutional neural network (E-SCNN) that incorporates a clustering module and neural networks. E-SCNN effectively ensembles machine learning and deep learning techniques to minimize outliers, thereby enhancing model robustness at the individual level. Specifically, the clustering module categorizes individuals based on similarities in feature distribution and assigns personalized weights accordingly. Subsequently, by combining these tailored weights with the robust feature extraction capabilities of convolutional neural networks, the model generates more accurate sleep stage classifications. The proposed model was verified on two public datasets, and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method obtains overall accuracies of 84.8% on the Sleep-EDF Expanded dataset and 85.5% on the MASS dataset. E-SCNN can alleviate the outlier problem, which is important for improving sleep quality monitoring for individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optically pumped magnetometer magnetoencephalography (OPM-MEG) represents a novel method for recording neural signals in the brain, offering the potential to measure critical neuroimaging characteristics such as effective brain networks. Effective brain networks describe the causal relationships and information flow between brain regions. In constructing effective brain networks using Granger causality, the noise in the multivariate autoregressive model (MVAR) is typically assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution. However, in experimental measurements, the statistical characteristics of noise are difficult to ascertain. In this paper, a Granger causality method based on a cost-reference particle filter (CRPF) is proposed for constructing effective brain networks under unknown noise conditions. Simulation results show that the average estimation errors of the MVAR model coefficients using the CRPF method are reduced by 53.4% and 82.4% compared to the Kalman filter (KF) and maximum correntropy filter (MCF) under Gaussian noise, respectively. The CRPF method reduces the average estimation errors by 88.1% and 85.8% compared to the MCF under alpha-stable distribution noise and the KF method under pink noise conditions, respectively. In an experiment, the CRPF method recoversthe latent characteristics of effective connectivity of benchmark somatosensory stimulation data in rats, human finger movement, and auditory oddball paradigms measured using OPM-MEG, which is in excellent agreement with known physiology. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and OPM-MEG for measuring effective brain networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A battery-operated biomedical wearable device gradually assists in clinical tasks to monitor patients' health states regarding early diagnosis and detection. This paper presents the development of a self-powered portable electronic module by integrating an onboard energy-harvesting facility for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing and personalized health monitoring. The developed electronic module provides a customizable approach to power the device using a lithium-ion battery, a series of silicon photodiode arrays, and a solar panel. The new architecture and techniques offered by the developed method include an analog front-end unit, a signal processing unit, and a battery management unit for the acquiring and processing of real-time ECG signals. The dynamic multi-level wavelet packet decomposition framework has been used and applied to an ECG signal to extract the desired features by removing overlapped and repeated samples from an ECG signal. Further, a random forest with deep decision tree (RFDDT) architecture has been designed for offline ECG signal classification, and experimental results provide the highest accuracy of 99.72%. One assesses the custom-developed sensor by comparing its data with those of conventional biosensors. The onboard energy-harvesting and battery management circuits are designed with a BQ25505 microprocessor with the support of silicon photodiodes and solar cells which detect the ambient light variations and provide a maximum of 4.2 V supply to enable the continuous operation of an entire module. The measurements conducted on each unit of the proposed method demonstrate that the proposed signal-processing method significantly reduces the overlapping samples from the raw ECG data and the timing requirement criteria for personalized and wearable health monitoring. Also, it improves temporal requirements for ECG data processing while achieving excellent classification performance at a low computing cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image registration is a crucial post-processing technique in biomedical imaging, enabling the alignment and integration of images from various sources to facilitate accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and longitudinal studies. This paper explores the application of Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), a robust feature-based method for the alignment of biomedical images. SIFT is particularly advantageous due to its invariance to scale, rotation, and affine transformations, making it well-suited for handling the diverse and complex nature of biomedical images. However, SIFT was not initially developed specifically for medical imaging applications, so it is necessary to adapt the algorithm to those kinds of images. In particular, this work was focused on images obtained with Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) technology. Besides fine-tuning SIFT parameters on a case-by-case basis, the novelty of this work consists of finding the optimal SIFT parameters on the basis of the keypoints stability. A statistical analysis throughout a dataset of images obtained with CBCT technology was performed to find the best SIFT parameters setting, in terms of computational cost and result quality, compared to default presets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green and cost-effective sonochemical synthetic method was followed for coating silver-modified copper oxide (Ag-CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) on disposable surgical mask. The NP-coated masks were systematically characterized using XRD and FT-IR for understanding the structural and surface functionalities. In addition, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis showed the homogeneous coating of Ag-CuO NPs over the mask fibers. The average particle size of Ag-CuO was found to be ~70 nm. The NP-coated masks are useful to combat a broad range of bacterial species by taking the unique advantage of the synergistic effect of Ag and metal oxide (CuO and ZnO) NPs for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Zone of inhibition (ZoI) studies demonstrated antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria, probably due to the elevated production of ROS by the defect structure of the Ag-modified metal oxide NPs. The material was found to be effective against both airborne and soil-borne bacteria. We repeat that this paper deals only with the killing effect of the nanoparticles (Ag-modified CuO) on bacteria, and no studies on viral species are performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize microbubble formulations for clinical applications, the size distribution, concentration, and acoustic intensity must be rapidly measurable to allow for the successful iteration of microbubble design. In this paper, a comprehensive method was developed to compare microbubble formulations with different lipid shell compositions using optical and acoustic methods of measurement to collect the size distribution, concentration, and mean scattering intensity. An open-source ImageJ macro code was modified for the selective counting and sizing of brightfield microbubble images. A high-throughput agarose phantom was designed to collect multiple scattering reflections of microbubble samples to estimate the echogenicity of each microbubble solution. The information contained in the size distribution and concentration, combined with the instantaneous scattering power, can identify modifications needed for prototyping specific microbubble formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common health threats worldwide. 2D X-ray invasive coronary angiography (ICA) remains the most widely adopted imaging modality for CVD assessment during real-time cardiac interventions. However, it is often difficult for the cardiologists to interpret the 3D geometry of coronary vessels based on 2D planes. Moreover, due to the radiation limit, often only two angiographic projections are acquired, providing limited information of the vessel geometry and necessitating 3D coronary tree reconstruction based only on two ICA projections. In this paper, we propose a self-supervised deep learning method called NeCA, which is based on neural implicit representation using the multiresolution hash encoder and differentiable cone-beam forward projector layer, in order to achieve 3D coronary artery tree reconstruction from two 2D projections. We validate our method using six different metrics on a dataset generated from coronary computed tomography angiography of right coronary artery and left anterior descending artery. The evaluation results demonstrate that our NeCA method, without requiring 3D ground truth for supervision or large datasets for training, achieves promising performance in both vessel topology and branch-connectivity preservation compared to the supervised deep learning model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heartbeat inter-beat interval (IBI) extraction is a crucial technology for unobtrusive vital sign monitoring, yet its precision and robustness remain challenging. A promising approach is fusing heartbeat signals from different types of unobtrusive sensors. This paper introduces HSF-IBI, a novel and universal framework for unobtrusive IBI extraction using heterogeneous sensor fusion. Specifically, harmonic summation (HarSum) is employed for calculating the average heart rate, which in turn guides the selection of the optimal band selection (OBS), the basic sequential algorithmic scheme (BSAS)-based template group extraction, and the template matching (TM) procedure. The optimal IBIs are determined by evaluating the signal quality index (SQI) for each heartbeat. The algorithm is morphology-independent and can be adapted to different sensors. The proposed algorithm framework is evaluated on a self-collected dataset including 19 healthy participants and an open-source dataset including 34 healthy participants, both containing heterogeneous sensors. The experimental results demonstrate that (1) the proposed framework successfully integrates data from heterogeneous sensors, leading to detection rate enhancements of 6.25 % and 5.21 % on two datasets, and (2) the proposed framework achieves superior accuracy over existing IBI extraction methods, with mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 5.25 ms and 4.56 ms on two datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention is one of many human cognitive functions that are essential in everyday life. Given our limited processing capacity, attention helps us focus only on what matters. Focusing attention on one speaker in an environment with many speakers is a critical ability of the human auditory system. This paper proposes a new end-to-end method based on the combined transformer and graph convolutional neural network (TraGCNN) that can effectively detect auditory attention from electroencephalograms (EEGs). This approach eliminates the need for manual feature extraction, which is often time-consuming and subjective. Here, the first EEG signals are converted to graphs. We then extract attention information from these graphs using spatial and temporal approaches. Finally, our models are trained with these data. Our model can detect auditory attention in both the spatial and temporal domains. Here, the EEG input is first processed by transformer layers to obtain a sequential representation of EEG based on attention onsets. Then, a family of graph convolutional layers is used to find the most active electrodes using the spatial position of electrodes. Finally, the corresponding EEG features of active electrodes are fed into the graph attention layers to detect auditory attention. The Fuglsang 2020 dataset is used in the experiments to train and test the proposed and baseline systems. The new TraGCNN approach, as compared with state-of-the-art attention classification methods from the literature, yields the highest performance in terms of accuracy (80.12%) as a classification metric. Additionally, the proposed model results in higher performance than our previously graph-based model for different lengths of EEG segments. The new TraGCNN approach is advantageous because attenuation detection is achieved from EEG signals of subjects without requiring speech stimuli, as is the case with conventional auditory attention detection methods. Furthermore, examining the proposed model for different lengths of EEG segments shows that the model is faster than our previous graph-based detection method in terms of computational complexity. The findings of this study have important implications for the understanding and assessment of auditory attention, which is crucial for many applications, such as brain–computer interface (BCI) systems, speech separation, and neuro-steered hearing aid development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse signals can serve as important indicators of one's cardiovascular condition. However, capturing signals with stable morphology using radar under varying measurement periods remains a significant challenge. This paper reports a non-contact arterial pulse measurement method based on mmWave radar, with stable signals achieved through a range–angle focusing algorithm. A total of six subjects participated in the experiment, and the results showed that, under different measurement times, the pulse morphology of the same body part for each subject had good consistency, reaching a correlation of over 0.84, and four selected pulse signs remained stable. This is a quantitative assessment revealing a high correlation in pulse morphology measured by radar over different periods. In addition, the influence of array size and measurement distance was analyzed, providing a reference of array selection for research work with different requirements. This work offers an effective reference framework for long-term pulse measurement using radar technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an experimental study on the effects of extreme temperature on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells encapsulated in 3D printed samples. Well plates of the 3D printed samples were exposed to three levels of temperature (37 °C, 45 °C, and 55 °C, respectively) for a duration of 10 min. Cells' responses, specifically cell viability and oxidative stress, were quantified using Hoechst 33342, Sytox, and Mitosox stains, with intensity measurements obtained via a plate reader. In addition, cell viability was assessed through microscopic imaging of the 3D printed samples. Experimental results demonstrated that the temperature increase from 37 °C to 55 °C significantly reduced nuclear integrity as observed through Hoechst 33342 intensity, while increased Sytox intensity reflected a higher degree of cell death. Furthermore, cells exposed to 45 °C and 55 °C exhibited decreased cell viability and elevated mitochondrial oxidative stress. These findings offer valuable insights into the effects of extreme temperature on HBE cells, establishing a foundation for future research into how respiratory tissues respond to thermal stress. This research can potentially advance the knowledge regarding effects of heat exposure on the respiratory system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper investigated the visual–perceptual and visual–motor skills and the reversal frequency of letters and numbers that mirror one another in one hundred children aged 6–13 years diagnosed with poor reading skills. Methods: TVPS-4th, VMI-6th, and RFT were performed. Age and sex analysis was carried out. The impact of the eye movement patterns in the perceptual–motor skills and laterality–directionality concepts was also estimated to determine the relationship among tests to predict future results. Results: Most children scored between average and 3 stds below average on the motor VMI-6th test, while half of the participants scored between average and 2 stds below average on TVPS-4th. In the RFT, the majority scored between average and 1.5 stds below average. Participants scored higher on the spatial relationship subtest of the TVPS-4th and lower in the VMI-6th test ( p < 0.001 ). Statistically significant differences were found between the youngest and oldest participants on the TVPS-4th overall performance, as well as VD, FC and VFG skills ( p < 0.05 ). A strong relationship was found between the TVPS-4th and VMI-6th, ( p < 0.001 ). RFT results were different among all groups ( p < 0.05 ). The RFT was better related to the VMI-6th than TVPS-4th; however, it was statistically insignificant. The horizontal component of the DEM test was the best predictor for the TVPS-4th and ratio for the RFT, without attaining statistical significance. No sex differences were found. Conclusions: Results showed that children with poor reading skills exhibit perceptual–motor and reversal frequency difficulties, which are independent of the oculomotor performance. Considering that visual and motor processing are essential elements of the reading and writing process, their evaluation and treatment should be included as part of the multidisciplinary approach for children with poor reading skills. This would boost the general outcome and contribute to their academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical imaging plays an essential role in modern healthcare, providing non-invasive tools for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions. However, the resolution limitations of imaging hardware often result in suboptimal images, which can hinder the precision of clinical decision-making. Single image super-resolution (SISR) techniques offer a solution by reconstructing high-resolution (HR) images from low-resolution (LR) counterparts, enhancing the visual quality of medical images. In this paper, we propose an enhanced Residual Feature Learning Network (RFLN) tailored specifically for medical imaging. Our contributions include replacing the residual local feature blocks with standard residual blocks, increasing the model depth for improved feature extraction, and incorporating enhanced spatial attention (ESA) mechanisms to refine the feature selection. Extensive experiments on medical imaging datasets demonstrate that the proposed model achieves superior performance in terms of both quantitative metrics, such as PSNR and SSIM, and qualitative visual quality compared to existing state-of-the-art models. The enhanced RFLN not only effectively mitigates noise but also preserves critical anatomical details, making it a promising solution for high-precision medical imaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feature fusion techniques have been proposed and tested for many medical applications to improve diagnostic and classification problems. Specifically, cervical cancer classification can be improved by using such techniques. Feature fusion combines information from different datasets into a single dataset. This dataset contains superior discriminant power that can improve classification accuracy. In this paper, we conduct comparisons among six selected feature fusion techniques to provide the best possible classification accuracy of cervical cancer. The considered techniques are canonical correlation analysis, discriminant correlation analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, independent component analysis, principal component analysis, and concatenation. We generate ten feature datasets that come from the transfer learning of the most popular pre-trained deep learning models: Alex net, Resnet 18, Resnet 50, Resnet 10, Mobilenet, Shufflenet, Xception, Nasnet, Darknet 19, and VGG Net 16. The main contribution of this paper is to combine these models and then apply them to the six feature fusion techniques to discriminate various classes of cervical cancer. The obtained results are then fed into a support vector machine model to classify four cervical cancer classes (i.e., Negative, HISL, LSIL, and SCC). It has been found that the considered six techniques demand relatively comparable computational complexity when they are run on the same machine. However, the canonical correlation analysis has provided the best performance in classification accuracy among the six considered techniques, at 99.7%. The second-best methods were the independent component analysis, least absolute shrinkage and the selection operator, which were found to have a 98.3% accuracy. On the other hand, the worst-performing technique was the principal component analysis technique, which offered 90% accuracy. Our developed approach of analysis can be applied to other medical diagnosis classification problems, which may demand the reduction of feature dimensions as well as a further enhancement of classification performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-machine interfaces hold promise in enhancing rehabilitation by predicting and responding to subjects' movement intent. In gait rehabilitation, neural network architectures utilize lower-limb muscle and brain activity to predict continuous kinematics and kinetics during stepping and walking. This systematic review, spanning five databases, assessed 16 papers meeting inclusion criteria. Studies predicted lower-limb kinematics and kinetics using electroencephalograms (EEGs), electromyograms (EMGs), or a combination with kinematic data and anthropological parameters. Long short-term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural network (CNN) tools demonstrated highest accuracies. EEG focused on joint angles, while EMG predicted moments and torque joints. Useful EEG electrode locations included C3, C4, Cz, P3, F4, and F8. Vastus Lateralis, Rectus Femoris, and Gastrocnemius were the most commonly accessed muscles for kinematic and kinetic prediction using EMGs. No studies combining EEGs and EMGs to predict lower-limb kinematics and kinetics during stepping or walking were found, suggesting a potential avenue for future development in this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have shown promising performance in medical image analysis, including breast lesion classification in 2D ultrasound (US) images. Despite the outstanding performance of DCNN solutions, explaining their decisions remains an open investigation. Yet, the explainability of DCNN models has become essential for healthcare systems to accept and trust the models. This paper presents a novel framework for explaining DCNN classification decisions of lesions in ultrasound images using the saliency maps linking the DCNN decisions to known cancer characteristics in the medical domain. The proposed framework consists of three main phases. First, DCNN models for classification in ultrasound images are built. Next, selected methods for visualization are applied to obtain saliency maps on the input images of the DCNN models. In the final phase, the visualization outputs and domain-known cancer characteristics are mapped. The paper then demonstrates the use of the framework for breast lesion classification from ultrasound images. We first follow the transfer learning approach and build two DCNN models. We then analyze the visualization outputs of the trained DCNN models using the EGrad-CAM and Ablation-CAM methods. We map the DCNN model decisions of benign and malignant lesions through the visualization outputs to the characteristics such as echogenicity, calcification, shape, and margin. A retrospective dataset of 1298 US images collected from different hospitals is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the framework. The test results show that these characteristics contribute differently to the benign and malignant lesions' decisions. Our study provides the foundation for other researchers to explain the DCNN classification decisions of other cancer types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the use of local Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods, particularly the Local Rule-Based Explanations (LORE) technique, within healthcare and medical settings. It emphasizes the critical role of interpretability and transparency in AI systems for diagnosing diseases, predicting patient outcomes, and creating personalized treatment plans. While acknowledging the complexities and inherent trade-offs between interpretability and model performance, our work underscores the significance of local XAI methods in enhancing decision-making processes in healthcare. By providing granular, case-specific insights, local XAI methods like LORE enhance physicians' and patients' understanding of machine learning models and their outcome. Our paper reviews significant contributions to local XAI in healthcare, highlighting its potential to improve clinical decision making, ensure fairness, and comply with regulatory standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]