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Phytochemical investigation of Gentianella turkestanorum (Gentianaceae) afforded nineteen compounds, including six xanthones ( 1–6 ), two triterpenoids ( 7–8 ), eight flavones ( 9–16 ) and three iridoids ( 17–19 ). Here, we firstly reported that 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone ( 4 ), 1, 8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone ( 5 ), apigenin ( 9 ), quercetin ( 10 ), luteolin-7- O -glucoside ( 12 ) and three other compounds (1, 8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone ( 5 ), apigenin-7- O -gluco (1″ → 3‴) glucoside ( 15 ) and luteolin-7- O -gluco (1″ → 3‴) glucoside ( 16 )) could be isolated from G. turkestanorum . The occurrence of chemical data and the sequence data might be employed as common constituents of the genera Gentianella , Lomatogonium and Swertia .

Chemical investigation on the whole plants of Stenosolenium saxatile led to the isolation of three naphthoquinones ( 1 ??? 3 ), five pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) ( 4???8 ), and six phenolic acids ( 9???14 ). The structure of the isolated compounds was elucidated by different spectrometric methods ( 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and ESI-MS). These results are the first chemical data on constituents of this genus. The chemotaxonomic relationships between the genera Stenosolenium , Onosma , Arnebia , Echium and Lithospermum are also discussed.

The study of the whole plants of Odontites serotina (Lam.) Dumort. has led to the isolation of one nucleoside compound (2), three iridoids (1, 3, and 4), two phenylethanolic glycosides (6 and 8), four phenolic acids (5, 10, 12, and 15), and nine flavonoids (7, 9, 11, 13, 14, and 16–19). The structures of the compounds were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the isolation and identification of compounds 2–3, 6–8, 10, 12, 14–16, and 19 in O. serotina. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was discussed.

Phytochemical study of Cymbaria dahurica L. afforded 16 compounds, including 12 flavonoids (1–12) and 4 iridoids (13–16). Structure elucidation of these compounds was generated by a combination of spectroscopic means (ESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR) and comparisons with the published data. This is the first report of isolation of compounds (1–6, 10–16) from C. dahurica and compounds (5, 10, 12) from the family Scrophulariaceae, respectively. The chemotaxonomic data can support the genus Cymbaria being accepted as a member of transitional taxa between the family Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae.

In this paper, twenty-two compounds including twenty-one flavonoids ( 1 – 21 ) and one alkaloid ( 22 ) were isolated from Panzeria alaschanica , in which seventeen flavonoids ( 1 – 2 , 5 – 11 , 13 – 20 ) were isolated from P. alaschanica and four flavonoid p -coumaroylglucosides ( 15 – 18 ) from the genus Panzeria for the first time. The occurrence of flavonoid p -coumaroylglucosides and alkaloids might be employed as the common characteristic constituents of the genera Panzeria , Leonurus , Lagochilus , Lagopsis and Marrubium .