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In 1972, Efim Liberman, a Soviet biophysicist, pioneered a brand-new approach to studying the operation of the brain, the live cell and the human mind by publishing a paper titled "Cell as a molecular computer" (1972). In this paper, Liberman posited that a consecutive/parallel stochastic molecular computer (MCC) controls a living cell. An MCC operates with molecule-words (DNA, RNA, proteins) according to the program recorded in DNA and RNA. Computational operations are implemented by molecular operators acting as enzymes. An MCC is present in each live cell. A neuron cell MCC can be involved in solving tasks for the entire organism. Neuron MCC investigation was started with studying an impact of an intracellular injection of cyclic AMP on electric activity of a neuron. Cyclic nucleotides were considered as input words for an MCC, which are generated inside a neuron as a result of synaptic activity. This led Efim Liberman to the idea that, in order to solve complex physical problems, which are encountered by a neuron and require rapid solutions, the molecular computer adjusts the operation of the quantum molecular regulator, which uses the "computational environment" of the cytoskeleton and quantum properties of the elementary hypersound quasiparticles for completing mathematical operations for the minimum price of action. Efim Liberman suggested that the human self-consciousness is a quantum computer of even a higher level and designated it as an extreme quantum regulator. In order to describe such systems, he suggested to join biology, physics and mathematics into a unified science, and formulated its four fundamental principles. Results of Efim Liberman's theoretical and experimental studies on the topic of biological computation are summarized in this review., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this autobiographical essay, Efim Liberman (1925-2011) looks back at his life summarizing his lifetime experience and drawing conclusions about the role of science and its future development and unification, with the ultimate goal to unite our understanding of nature and harmonize life. A new field of science suggested by Liberman and named Chaimatics combines biology, physics and mathematics. The main idea of Chaimatics is simple: not only measurement, but also calculation is a real physical operation and cannot be done for free-energy and time must be spent on calculation. Quantum physics arose on the basis of discovering the existence of the minimum action-Planck's constant. And this factor imposes physical limits on computation and sets the boundaries to the physical world and its observation. Explorations of the structure of the cell and the progress in the development of electronic computers have led us to the understanding of life and its place in the Universe …., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Efim A. Liberman (1925-2011) can be considered as a founder of the new field of science that explores natural computation and its limits. He named it Chaimatics and suggested its generalization to the ultimate all-encompassing theory that unites biology, physics and mathematics. He made a number of experimental discoveries, including color coding in the retina, the participation mechanisms of Ca 2+ ions in synaptic transmission, and the measurement of potential in the coupling membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts. He also made a decisive contribution to the proof of the chemiosmotic hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation. In a series of works started in 1972, Liberman developed the concept of the molecular computer of the cell, which includes the programs written on DNA and RNA nucleotide sequences and executed by enzymes playing the role of processing units whereas nucleotide sequences are interpreted as commands and addresses. In this framework, Liberman predicted RNA splicing before its discovery and suggested the role of processing of small informational molecules (later defined as small RNAs) in controlling biological processes. Efim Liberman defined the fundamental property of life as a molecular and quantum computational system and introduced the idea of quantum computing inside a cell for making decisions on complex control tasks described by equations of mathematical physics. He approached the brain as a net of molecular computers and created a model of neuron operation based on the transmission of hypersound signals via cytoskeleton where the molecular computational system encodes the digital output. In 1979 Liberman published a hypothesis of human self-consciousness associated with not a chemical, but with a physical quantum coherent system and named it "extremal quantum regulator". We review here the contributions of Liberman in understanding the mechanisms of intracellular processing of information and his efforts to create an integrative theory of natural computation that aims to unite biology, physics and mathematics., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)