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The eutypa dieback of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), caused by phytopathogenic fungus Eutypa lata, is one of the most severe diseases of trunk and other woody tissues of grapevine in the world. This disease, also known as the grapevine eutyposis, significantly reduces yield and quality of grapes, but primarily reduces the life span of the vines, causing partial or complete dying of grapevine. During 2004-2012, symptoms of dieback of grapevine were observed in Serbia and E. lata presence was confirmed by conventional and molecular identification methods. Symptoms first appear in the form of tiny, chlorotic and necrotic spots on the periphery of the leaf, followed by deformation of the leaves and the appearance of shortened shoots, often with the so-called zigzag growth of internodes. Subsequently, partial or complete dying of the grapevine occurs. The causal agent of eutypa dieback is E. lata - a vascular pathogen from the Diatrypaceae family. The infection occurs when ascospores reach fresh wounds formed by pruning, and in the presence of water droplets penetrate into the vascular tissue. Wounds are particularly sensitive immediately after pruning, although infections can occur seven weeks after the pruning. Eutyposis disease control requires integration of several different control measures. When pruning the grapevine, large scale wounding should be avoided. Pruned parts from diseased plants should be taken out of the vineyard and burned. If the symptoms are present, but the disease has not spread to the whole vine, the infected tissue should be pruned off together with at least 10 cm of healthy tissue. Fresh cuts should be preferably coated with fungicides such as thiophanate-methyl, pyraclostrobin or tebuconazole. In USA, paste with 5% (w/w) boric acid is successfully used for the coating of wounds. It is especially important to protect cuts during the restoration of grapevines or grafting grapevine on the two-year-old and the older grapevine, as well as in the l

Vinova loza je konstantno izložena delovanju različitih agenasa biotičke i abiotičke prirode. Pojedine fitopatogene pseudogljive i gljive javljaju se na ovoj biljnoj vrsti, u većoj ili manjoj meri, svake godine, kao na primer: Plasmopara viticola, prouzrokovač plamenjače, Erysiphe necator, prouzrokovač pepelnice, Botryotinia fuckeliana, prouzrokovač sive truleži, Phomopsis viticola, prouzrokovač crne pegavosti vinove loze. Druga grupa fitopatogenih gljiva, takozvani prouzrokovači bolesti drveta vinove loze, napadaju uglavnom čokote starosti preko pet godina, uzrokujući njihovo sušenje i propadanje. Najčešći prouzrokovači su: Eutypa lata (prouzrokovač eutipoze vinove loze) i ESCA (grupa gljiva prouzrokovača sušenja). Navedeni patogeni svake godine u većoj ili manjoj meri umanjuju prinos i utiču na kvalitet grožđa i vina, uzrokujući značajne ekonomske štete. Njihovo uspešno suzbijanje podrazumeva pre svega dobro poznavanje biologije i epidemiologije svakog prouzrokovača ponaosob, kao i pravovremenu stručnu reakciju, uz preduzimanje adekvatnih mera zaštite., Grapevine is constantly exposed to different biotic and abiotic agents. Some biotic disease causing agents commonly occur in this old plant cutlure, at higher or lower degree, such as: Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of downy mildew, Erysiphe necator, causal agent of powdery mildew, Botryotinia fuckeliana, causal agent of grey decay. One group of pathogenes, so called inducers of grapevine tree diseases, mostly attack vines more than eight years old, causing their drying out and withering. The most frequent causal agents are: Phomopsis viticola (phomopsis cane and leaf spot), Eutypa lata (gapevine eutypa dieback), fungi from the gender Botryosphaeria (grapevine cancer and drying out) and ESCA (a group of fungi causing drying out - apoplexy or black measles of grapevine). In order to prevent the infection, and successfully control these pathogens, thorough knowledge on pathogens biology and epidemiology is necessary, as well as timely expert reaction with adequate control measures.

Grapevine is constantly exposed to different biotic and abiotic agents. Some biotic disease causing agents commonly occur in this old plant cutlure, at higher or lower degree, such as: Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of downy mildew, Erysiphe necator, causal agent of powdery mildew, Botryotinia fuckeliana, causal agent of grey decay. One group of pathogenes, so called inducers of grapevine tree diseases, mostly attack vines more than eight years old, causing their drying out and withering. The most frequent causal agents are: Phomopsis viticola (phomopsis cane and leaf spot), Eutypa lata (gapevine eutypa dieback), fungi from the gender Botryosphaeria (grapevine cancer and drying out) and ESCA (a group of fungi causing drying out - apoplexy or black measles of grapevine). In order to prevent the infection, and successfully control these pathogens, thorough knowledge on pathogens biology and epidemiology is necessary, as well as timely expert reaction with adequate control measures., Vinova loza je konstantno izložena delovanju različitih agenasa biotičke i abiotičke prirode. Pojedine fitopatogene pseudogljive i gljive javljaju se na ovoj biljnoj vrsti, u većoj ili manjoj meri, svake godine, kao na primer: Plasmopara viticola, prouzrokovač plamenjače, Erysiphe necator, prouzrokovač pepelnice, Botryotinia fuckeliana, prouzrokovač sive truleži, Phomopsis viticola, prouzrokovač crne pegavosti vinove loze. Druga grupa fitopatogenih gljiva, takozvani prouzrokovači bolesti drveta vinove loze, napadaju uglavnom čokote starosti preko pet godina, uzrokujući njihovo sušenje i propadanje. Najčešći prouzrokovači su: Eutypa lata (prouzrokovač eutipoze vinove loze) i ESCA (grupa gljiva prouzrokovača sušenja). Navedeni patogeni svake godine u većoj ili manjoj meri umanjuju prinos i utiču na kvalitet grožđa i vina, uzrokujući značajne ekonomske štete. Njihovo uspešno suzbijanje podrazumeva pre svega dobro poznavanje biologije i epidemiologije svakog prouzrokovača ponaosob, kao i pravovremenu stručnu reakciju, uz preduzimanje adekvatnih mera zaštite.

Grapevine is constantly exposed to different biotic and abiotic agents. Some biotic disease causing agents commonly occur in this old plant cutlure, at higher or lower degree, such as: Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of downy mildew, Erysiphe necator, causal agent of powdery mildew, Botryotinia fuckeliana, causal agent of grey decay. One group of pathogenes, so called inducers of grapevine tree diseases, mostly attack vines more than eight years old, causing their drying out and withering. The most frequent causal agents are: Phomopsis viticola (phomopsis cane and leaf spot), Eutypa lata (gapevine eutypa dieback), fungi from the gender Botryosphaeria (grapevine cancer and drying out) and ESCA (a group of fungi causing drying out - apoplexy or black measles of grapevine). In order to prevent the infection, and successfully control these pathogens, thorough knowledge on pathogens biology and epidemiology is necessary, as well as timely expert reaction with adequate control measures., Vinova loza je konstantno izložena delovanju različitih agenasa biotičke i abiotičke prirode. Pojedine fitopatogene pseudogljive i gljive javljaju se na ovoj biljnoj vrsti, u većoj ili manjoj meri, svake godine, kao na primer: Plasmopara viticola, prouzrokovač plamenjače, Erysiphe necator, prouzrokovač pepelnice, Botryotinia fuckeliana, prouzrokovač sive truleži, Phomopsis viticola, prouzrokovač crne pegavosti vinove loze. Druga grupa fitopatogenih gljiva, takozvani prouzrokovači bolesti drveta vinove loze, napadaju uglavnom čokote starosti preko pet godina, uzrokujući njihovo sušenje i propadanje. Najčešći prouzrokovači su: Eutypa lata (prouzrokovač eutipoze vinove loze) i ESCA (grupa gljiva prouzrokovača sušenja). Navedeni patogeni svake godine u većoj ili manjoj meri umanjuju prinos i utiču na kvalitet grožđa i vina, uzrokujući značajne ekonomske štete. Njihovo uspešno suzbijanje podrazumeva pre svega dobro poznavanje biologije i epidemiologije svakog prouzrokovača ponaosob, kao i pravovremenu stručnu reakciju, uz preduzimanje adekvatnih mera zaštite.

Simptomi odumiranja i sušenja čokota vinove loze, već nekoliko godina, pojavljuju se u jakom intenzitetu u nekim vinogorjima Srbije. Tokom 2006. i 2007. godine, u fruškogorskom vinogorju dokumentovane su dve grupe simptoma, čiji je krajnji ishod sušenje čokota. Na lokalitetima Manđelos, Irig i Sremski Karlovci zapaženi su čokoti karakterističnog, žbunastog izgleda, sa malim, zaostalim lastarima sa skraćenim internodijama i sitnim, peharasto uvijenim listovima. Na poprečnom preseku drveta čokota uočene su braon, klinaste, 'V' nekroze. Nakon nekoliko godina sve izraženijeg zaostajanja organa u porastu, čokoti uopšte ne kreću sa vegetacijom i potpuno odumiru. Upoređivanjem sa referentnim simptomima, zaključeno je da se radi o pojavi veoma opasne bolesti drveta, koja je determinisana kao eutipoza vinove loze. Nakon izolacija iz višegodišnjeg drveta, identifikovan je i prouzrokovač Eutypa lata. Rano otkrivanje prvih prepoznatljivih simptoma na lastarima, ima veliki značaj u suzbijanju i kontroli eutipoze. Na lokalitetima Manđelos i Sremski Karlovci zabeleženo je masovno, progresivno sušenje normalno razvijenih čokota tokom letnjih meseci. Nakon upoređivanja sa referentnim simptomima, zabeleženo karakteristično 'tigar' prugasto šarenilo i sušenje lista, kao i kružna nekroza centralnog dela drveta, potvrdili su pojavu veoma destruktivne bolesti, koja je determinisana kao ESCA oboljenje (ili sušenje). Zbog iznenadnog i brzog sušenja celog čokota, determinacija ove bolesti, na osnovu simptoma, ima veliki značaj, kako bi se, što ranije, sprečilo njeno širenje u okviru vinograda. Simptomatološka determinacija eutipoze i ESCA oboljenja pokazala se kao uspešna, s tim da u slučaju eutipoze treba biti posebno oprezan, jer slične simptome ponekad mogu prouzrokovati i Botryosphaeria spp. Loša starosna struktura vinograda u Srbiji pogoduje pojavi eutipoze i ESCA oboljenja, koja, iz godine u godinu, imaju sve veći ekonomski značaj., For a few years die off and wither symptoms of grapevines are massively present in some grapevine growing regions of Serbia. During 2006 and 2007 in grapevine growing region of Fruška Gora two groups of symptoms, which ultimately lead to dieback, have been documented. On localities Manđelos, Irig and Sremski Karlovci vines with specific bushy appearance have been recorded. The vines had small stunted shoots with short internodes and small cupped leaves. When an infected cordon or trunk is cut in cross-section a V-shaped, brown wedge of dead tissue can be seen (necrosis). After a few years with constant intensifying of growth stunting, vines at last do not develop shoots at all and completely die off. In comparison with authentic symptoms, the presence of dangerous disease determined as Eutypa dieback has been concluded and confirmed. After isolations from the perennial wood, fungus Eutypa lata causer of Eutypa dieback has been identified. Early detection of first recognizable symptoms on shoots has a great significance in Eutypa dieback management and control. On localities Manđelos and Sremski Karlovci, during summer months, massive and progressive withering of normally developed vines has been recorded. In comparison with authentic symptoms, detected presence of bright 'tiger striped' patterns on the leaves, as well as of roundish necrosis in central wood part, confirmed and proved the appearance of very destructive disease known as ESCA disease (or wither). Because of sudden and rapid drying up of whole vines, determination of this disease on the basis of symptoms has a great significance in order to prevent its spreading inside the vineyard, as early as possible. Symptom based determination of Eutypa dieback and ESCA disease has shown successful, but in case of Eutypa dieback special precaution is needed because sometimes similar simptoms can be caused by Botryosphaeria spp. Age structure of vineyards in Serbia is very poor and favorable for Eutypa dieback and E

For a few years die off and wither symptoms of grapevines are massively present in some grapevine growing regions of Serbia. During 2006 and 2007 in grapevine growing region of Fruška Gora two groups of symptoms, which ultimately lead to dieback, have been documented. On localities Manđelos, Irig and Sremski Karlovci vines with specific bushy appearance have been recorded. The vines had small stunted shoots with short internodes and small cupped leaves. When an infected cordon or trunk is cut in cross-section a V-shaped, brown wedge of dead tissue can be seen (necrosis). After a few years with constant intensifying of growth stunting, vines at last do not develop shoots at all and completely die off. In comparison with authentic symptoms, the presence of dangerous disease determined as Eutypa dieback has been concluded and confirmed. After isolations from the perennial wood, fungus Eutypa lata causer of Eutypa dieback has been identified. Early detection of first recognizable symptoms on shoots has a great significance in Eutypa dieback management and control. On localities Manđelos and Sremski Karlovci, during summer months, massive and progressive withering of normally developed vines has been recorded. In comparison with authentic symptoms, detected presence of bright 'tiger striped' patterns on the leaves, as well as of roundish necrosis in central wood part, confirmed and proved the appearance of very destructive disease known as ESCA disease (or wither). Because of sudden and rapid drying up of whole vines, determination of this disease on the basis of symptoms has a great significance in order to prevent its spreading inside the vineyard, as early as possible. Symptom based determination of Eutypa dieback and ESCA disease has shown successful, but in case of Eutypa dieback special precaution is needed because sometimes similar simptoms can be caused by Botryosphaeria spp. Age structure of vineyards in Serbia is very poor and favorable for Eutypa dieback and E, Simptomi odumiranja i sušenja čokota vinove loze, već nekoliko godina, pojavljuju se u jakom intenzitetu u nekim vinogorjima Srbije. Tokom 2006. i 2007. godine, u fruškogorskom vinogorju dokumentovane su dve grupe simptoma, čiji je krajnji ishod sušenje čokota. Na lokalitetima Manđelos, Irig i Sremski Karlovci zapaženi su čokoti karakterističnog, žbunastog izgleda, sa malim, zaostalim lastarima sa skraćenim internodijama i sitnim, peharasto uvijenim listovima. Na poprečnom preseku drveta čokota uočene su braon, klinaste, 'V' nekroze. Nakon nekoliko godina sve izraženijeg zaostajanja organa u porastu, čokoti uopšte ne kreću sa vegetacijom i potpuno odumiru. Upoređivanjem sa referentnim simptomima, zaključeno je da se radi o pojavi veoma opasne bolesti drveta, koja je determinisana kao eutipoza vinove loze. Nakon izolacija iz višegodišnjeg drveta, identifikovan je i prouzrokovač Eutypa lata. Rano otkrivanje prvih prepoznatljivih simptoma na lastarima, ima veliki značaj u suzbijanju i kontroli eutipoze. Na lokalitetima Manđelos i Sremski Karlovci zabeleženo je masovno, progresivno sušenje normalno razvijenih čokota tokom letnjih meseci. Nakon upoređivanja sa referentnim simptomima, zabeleženo karakteristično 'tigar' prugasto šarenilo i sušenje lista, kao i kružna nekroza centralnog dela drveta, potvrdili su pojavu veoma destruktivne bolesti, koja je determinisana kao ESCA oboljenje (ili sušenje). Zbog iznenadnog i brzog sušenja celog čokota, determinacija ove bolesti, na osnovu simptoma, ima veliki značaj, kako bi se, što ranije, sprečilo njeno širenje u okviru vinograda. Simptomatološka determinacija eutipoze i ESCA oboljenja pokazala se kao uspešna, s tim da u slučaju eutipoze treba biti posebno oprezan, jer slične simptome ponekad mogu prouzrokovati i Botryosphaeria spp. Loša starosna struktura vinograda u Srbiji pogoduje pojavi eutipoze i ESCA oboljenja, koja, iz godine u godinu, imaju sve veći ekonomski značaj.