Search

The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with large colon impaction. To reach the impacted mass, the laxative must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The aim of this study was to determine whether the most frequently used saline and lubricant laxatives influence gastric emptying. Six fasted normal adult Warmblood horses were used in a randomized study design with five laxative trials (1.8% sodium sulfate [1.8% Na2SO4], 4.2% magnesium sulfate [4.2% MgSO4], mineral oil [MOil], 25% sodium sulfate [25% Na2SO4], 25% magnesium sulfate [25% MgSO4]) and two trials with water (at either 20 ml/kg BW [Water 20] or 4 ml/kg BW [Water 4]), administered via nasogastric intubation. For indirect measurement of liquid-phase gastric emptying, a liquid passage marker (0.5 g D-xylose/kg BW as 10% solution) was added to each trial. Serum samples were collected at pre-determined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. The time to reach maximum serum concentration (T(max)) was considered as gastric emptying rate. Significant differences were detected for T(max) of 4.2% MgSO4 compared to Water 20 and for T(max), the maximum serum concentration (C(max)) and the area under the curve determined up to 90 min (AUC90) of 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 compared to Water 4. Neither 1.8% Na2SO4, nor MOil delayed gastric emptying rate compared to water (Water 20, Water 4, respectively). 4.2% MgSO4 as well as 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 significantly delayed gastric emptying rate in comparison to water (Water 20, Water 4, respectively).

Reptiles are well-known reservoirs of Salmonella spp. and cases of reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) are increasing since reptiles are becoming more popular as pets. In the present study, the presence, distribution and prevalence of serovars of Salmonella was investigated in captive snakes (n = 87) and in free-living snakes (n = 87) in Germany. A total of 43 S. enterica-isolates were recovered from organ samples and cloacal swabs, predominantly belonging to the subspecies diarizonae (IIIb) (n = 27), enterica (I) (n = 7) and houtenae (IV) (n = 6). S. enterica subsp. enterica (I) serovar Paratyphi B (n = 4) and S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (IIIb) serovar 47:l,v:z (n = 3) were the most frequently isolated serotypes. Nevertheless, the fact that most serotypes were only represented by a single isolate points out the high diversity of Salmonella present among snakes. Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae (IIIb) serotype 40:i:z53, which was isolated twice from two free-living Eurasian adders (Vipera berus) captured at different locations, has not been previously described. Our results confirm the role of both free-living and captive snakes as reservoirs of S. enterica in Germany.

The present study demonstrates the influence of increased litter moisture (LM) around drinkers and feeders on the foot pad health status of fattening turkeys during the rearing period. Therefore 154 day-old British United Turkeys (B.U.T.) 6 turkey poults (77 males, 77 females) were kept on softwood shavings with different moisture contents for a time period of 29 days. Separated by gender the poults were randomly allotted to two test groups and one control group. Birds in test groups were kept on defined litter moisture contents of 30% or 50% around drinkers and feeders. Additionally, birds of each group had access to an area which was maintained as dry as possible (LM around 10%). Birds in control groups were completely kept on dry litter (LM 10 %). Foot pads of all birds were examined according to the external scoring system of Mayne et al. (2007a). Cross-sex comparisons showed a significant difference of prevalence and severity of foot pad dermatitis between turkeys of the test groups and those of the control groups. At the end of this experiment female turkeys had no higher severity of foot pad dermatitis than male turkeys.Thus, the present results indicate that already areas of wet litter within a dry stable may lead to an increase of the prevalence and severity of foot pad dermatitis during the early rearing period.

Toxoplasma (T.) gondii is a parasitic protozoon whose life cycle includes a definite and an intermediate host. Besides a wide range of mammals also birds are suitable intermediate hosts. There are a high number of case reports, prevalence data and experimental studies regarding avian toxoplasmosis. In many domestic, wild and zoo bird species which are relevant in Europe the susceptibility for T. gondii infection could be demonstrated though susceptibility for clinical disease often seems to be low, especially in gallinaceous birds. Comprehensive Europe-wide studies concerning the occurrence of avian toxoplasmosis have not been conducted so far. The general infestation ratio of birds on European free-range poultry farms seems to be relatively high. The European wild bird population represents a significant reservoir for the pathogen. When evaluating the seroprevalence it has to be considered that sensitivity and specificity of the detection methods for T. gondii specific antigens which are used frequently in mammals often are not satisfying in birds.

Cryptosporidia are protozoan parasites which have emerged as important causative agents of diarrhea in man and animals. Because of their small size and their tenacity, water- and foodborne outbreaks remain to be of significance in public health. Furthermore Cryptosporidium may cause up to 5-10% of economical losses in calf rearing. This review aims to give a short update on the current state of knowledge concerning species delimitation, prevalence, disease control in animal husbandry and zoonotic potential.

The influence of the application modes (bolus injection, infusion) of the sonographic signal enhancers Levovist was investigated in a total of 24 dogs. The animals in the bolus group were given 0.2 ml/kg body mass Levovist at a concentration of 300 mg/ml while in the other group the same amount was continuously injected over a time of two minutes. Signal enhancement was measured by an audiodoppler. Contrast duration above six, twelve, 18 and 24 dB and maximum signal enhancement were determined for each application mode. The comparison of these parameters showed that a statistically significant longer contrast duration (significance level p less than 0,05) at 0 and 6 dB can be achieved by continuous injection. Bolus application, on the other hand, resulted in significantly higher maximum contrast enhancement. With time consuming investigations (perfusiondiagnostic, shuntdiagnostic) the contrast effect can be partly extended with continuous injection but the technical requirements are higher and there is the risk that the acoustic properties of the microbubbles are negatively influenced.

Proinflammatoric cytokines are released extracellularly during necrosis. These lead to inflammation and destruction of surrounding tissues. The aim of this study was to compare the number of viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of normal horses and horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and to determine if fluorescence microscopy is a reliable method for this examination. A group of six normal horses and a group of ten horses with RAO were examined. Samples were assessed using annexin-V and propidium iodide immunofluorescence assay and examined by fluorescence microscopy (16 horses) and flow cytometry (nine of 16 horses). We found no significant differences in percentages of apoptotic and viable cells between both groups. The number of necrotic cells was significantly increased in horses with RAO counted by fluorescence microscopy. Cells with high granularity and macrophages had a significantly higher percentage of necrotic cells than lymphocytes. There was a good agreement between both methods. No significant differences were detected. The correlation between both methods is significant. Higher amounts of necrotic cells in the bronchial lumina of horses with RAO could be a reason for tissue damage and continuous lung tissue inflammation. Fluorescence microscopy was applicable for examination of BALF. Therapy should be aimed at the reduction of necrotic cells in the bronchial lumina. Further studies are required to find ways to reduce inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis in bronchial lumina.

Within the framework of a cooperative research project, turkey health as well as numerous aspects of animal welfare were examined in various intensive commercial farms with varying rearing forms. The present study demonstrates the prevalence of skin injuries concerning living animals as well as carcasses of slaughtered turkeys of both sexes. Although all turkeys were debeaked, prevalences of skin injuries at a value of 12.8% with male turkeys and 13.8% with female turkeys could be found at the age of 16 weeks. Within the scope of medically inspections skin injuries were mainly established in the head region, especially the snood as well as in the region of the back. By means of their clinical picture pecking wounds and scratch injuries could be distinguished. Skin lesion produced primary as a result of scratching the skin surface, could be enlarged by the animal itself or by conspecifics by beak pecking, especially after bleeding, in spite of debeaked upper beak. Injuries in the head region, especially of the snood, could be explained mainly as a result of pecking by conspecifics by reason of their clinical picture and were found mainly in male turkeys. Skin injuries in the region of the back, especially at the coxal tuberosity, were identified primarily as scratch marks. They were found mainly in female turkeys. A statistically significant correlation of the injury prevalence to particular husbandry parameters discussed in the literature as "predisposing" or "limiting" factors (e.g., population density, light regime or offer of employment material) could not be established in this study. At the meat inspection fresh scratching injuries at the chest and the hind legs were diagnosed most often. Especially fresh injuries of the carcass point to a misguided behaviour of the staff concerning animal handling during loading and transport which is not conform to animal welfare.

Radiation exposure of body parts of persons, needed to restrain small animal during the examination, varies depending on the distance and position in relation to the patient, the region investigated, and the exposure settings applied. The aim of the study was to quantify the effects of these factors on the ambient dose. The dosimeter was positioned with varying distance from the direct beam (from 30 to 150 cm) and on different level above the floor (55 cm, 85 cm, and 150 cm. The study consisted of two parts. In the first part a plastic water tank (thickness: 18 cm) was used as source of scatter radiation. Different exposure settings (77 kVp; 20 - 10 - 5 - 2.5 - 1.25 mAs) were applied. In the second part dose was measured during the examination of the abdomen of a large dog (thickness: 18 cm; 77 kVp, 20 mAs) and of the skull of a cat (thickness: 6 cm; 55 kVp, 20 mAs). At the level of the patient (85 cm above the floor) the dose decline relative to the distance followed a quadratic function. In the series "abdomen-dog" the mean dose values ranged from 51.6 microSv (30 cm distance) to 1.02 microSv (150 cm distance). The corresponding doses for the series "skull-cat" were 0.98 microSv and 0.02 microSv, respectively. Comparably lower doses were measured on the lines along the table, when non-irradiated parts of the body were located between the exposed patient volume and the dosimeter. At 150 cm above the floor higher doses were observed relative to the doses at the level of the table. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1.) Depending on the target volume the ambient dose varies in a wide range. (2.) An increase of the distance of only few centimetres is reducing exposure considerably. Therefore persons should make use of it whenever this is possible. (3.) Persons should stand on the short sides of the table while fixing the patient. (4.) Head and neck are relatively highly exposed. Methods to protect the thyroid gland and the eye lens are indicated. (5.) Since different exposure levels can be applied in digital radiography, the range of dose levels is rather wide. Therefore strict dose discipline (e.g. by use of exposure tables and dose indicators) is necessary to avoid continuing overexposure.

The susceptibility of camelids for infectious agents which may result in severe economic losses or which are strictly regulated for epidemiological reasons in farm animals potentially causes a mutual risk of transmission. This study aimed to investigate the presence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bluetongue virus (BTV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) as well as the presence of pestivirus antigen in new world camelids in Central Germany. Therefore 107 serum samples from 93 alpacas and lamas from this region which had been obtained from 2007 to 2009 were examined using ELISA, serum neutralisation test, RT-PCR and a pestivirus specific gene probe. All sample were negative for BHV-1 antibodies. Antibodies against BVDV-1 could be detected in four animals, titres reaching from 1:64 to > 1:256. One animal was positive for BTV antibodies in the year 2008. This animal had been tested negative for BTV antibodies in 2007. It can be concluded that up to now, these viruses seem to be of minor importance as pathogens in new world camelids in Central Germany. Therefore the risk of infection originating from new world camelids for production animals could be considered to be rather low in this region at the moment. However, it must be taken into consideration that these animals due to lack of antibodies are fully susceptible in case of occurrence of one of these viruses. For maintenance and improvement of the present status, general hygienic precautions should be applied; direct and indirect contact between animals from different herds must be avoided and virological diagnostic and quarantine should be required trading these animals.

The objective of the present study was the measurement of the pregnancy associated hormones progesterone (P4) and pregnanediol-glucuronide (PdG) in saliva, milk and urine of alpacas and their potential use in pregnancy diagnosis. Sample of blood, saliva, milk and urine were obtained from 36 female alpacas before mating and throughout the pregnancy. Concentrations of P4 and PdG were determined using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Pregnancy was checked by ultrasonography at any sampling time. The milk samples were also tested using a commercial on-farm progesterone kit which was designed for dairy cattle. EIA-Concentrations of P4 in blood, milk and urine and urine PdG concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant than in not pregnant alpacas. There was no difference in concentrations of P4 or PdG in saliva. The accuracy of the progesterone kit was 90% for diagnosis of pregnancy and 69% for non-pregnancy. However, 70% of the false positive results also showed relatively high P4 milk concentrations in the EIA. Values of P4 in blood and PdG in urine are comparable to previous reports in alpacas and therefore can be confirmed as an indicator for pregnancy. Saliva seems unsuitable in pregnancy diagnosis in alpacas, whereas milk seems to be an adequate alternative. The use of milk and urine would simplify the pregnancy diagnosis in alpacas since in contrast to the current methods (e. g. blood progesterone) the owners can take the samples. The avoidance of blood sampling results in a considerable stress reduction for the animals. P4 measurement in milk and PdG measurement in urine are good alternatives in pregnancy diagnosis during the first month of pregnancy, when a trans-abdominal ultrasonographic examination is not yet reliable. However, since high values of P4 and PdG only show the presence of active luteal tissue and therefore are indirect markers of pregnancy the diagnosis should be confirmed using ultrasound later in pregnancy.

A conventional high-resolution screen-film-system (film Kodak MIN-R S, screen Kodak MIN-R 2000) was compared to a digital detector system (Varian PaxScan 4030E) for the evaluation of the respiratory tract in snakes. Digital radiographs were taken with the same dose as well as with half the dose used for the conventional radiographs. A total of 20 Burmese pythons (Python molurus) were examined in dorsoventral and lateral projection. Four criteria (three features, one overall assessment) were defined for each of the anatomical structures lung, trachea and spinal column and assessed by five veterinarians in a semi-blinded study using a score system. Comparison of the ratings between the techniques used was done using a visual grading analysis. For the lung, two of the three features as well as the overall assessment were rated significantly superior using the digital system. The trachea was rated significantly superior using the conventional system for the overall assessment as well as for one feature. For the spinal column, the overall assessment was significantly superior using the digital system with the full dose. Conventional radiography as well as digital radiography using half the dose was rated significantly inferior for one feature each. The of the relatively low-contrast respiratory tract. A limiting factor is the demonstration of particularly small structures. Generally, a dose reduction (compared to a conventional high-resolution film-screen-system) is possible for the evaluation of the respiratory system.

Hens laying eggs with egg-pole shell defects (EPS) were examined in a clinical prospective study. 86 hens with EPS and 72 hens without EPS from three flocks were selected for this study. It could be proven serologically that hens with EPS had significant (p < 0.05) higher titers against Mycoplasma (M.) synoviae then hens without EPS. PCR tested cloacal swabs for M. synoviae were more frequently positive from hens with EPS (87%; n=72) then from hens without EPS (18%; n=13). Furthermore, M. synoviae could be cultivated from the oviduct of five hens with EPS. Additionally, M. synoviae-DNA was detectable in the albumen of nearly all eggs with EPS (n=48; 98%), contrary to the eggs without EPS (n=11; 26%). Ultrastructural investigation revealed that eggs with EPS showed considerable differences of the egg shell structure as well as the cross section dimension according to eggs without EPS. Due to the significantly more frequent detection of M. synoviae-DNA from the cloaca of chickens with EPS, is an involvement of M. synoviae in laying of EPS in the surveyed herds likely. Further infection experiments with the isolated M. synoviae were not perfomed, therefore about the causal pathogenic role of M. synoviae in the development of eggs with EPS in the surveyed herds can only be speculated.

Many factors led to the situation in which we fear the appearance of yet another exotic microbe simply demonstrating our vulnerability to new invaders and the shrinking of the globe. Beside the tremendous increase in international travel and trade, climatic changes are a crucial factor for exotic arboviruses to establish endemic transmission cycles in Europe. Certain temperatures, humidity and--at least for mosquitoes--suitable water bodies are required for the respective species to develop and become abundant. Increasing temperatures reduce the overall time of the mosquito life cycle because the aquatic developmental stages are completed faster, and secondly, the time span required for the mosquito to be capable to transmit the acquired arbovirus to another susceptible host is shortened. Thus the chances for an exotic arbovirus to establish an autochtonous transmission cycle are increasing. Here, a review is provided on the known factors that determine vector competence for mosquitoes and a particular arbovirus. The comparison of the closely related West Nile and Usutu viruses in Europe and North America further demonstrates how different and unpredictable the epidemiology of such arboviruses can be. Time will answer the question on who is going to be the next arboviral intruder into Europe. But it is today that we can bring ourselves into a good position to conquer the next "alien" by setting up interdisciplinary networks to promote research on these "exotic" and thus neglected pathogens thereby enhancing our understanding on their transmission and the factors and mechanisms required for this.

Within the framework of a cooperative research project, sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection in Germany (BMELV), turkey health as well as numerous aspects of animal welfare in various intensive commercial farms with varying rearing forms were examined. For this purpose extensive documentation of flock management and health status information was conducted over the past two years at the farms. Additional information was ascertained from the carcasses at the slaughterhouse. The first results of this study, which look at flock management, will be presented here. Upon reviewing the questionnaires, it is clear that on one hand almost all farmers orientate there stocking rate upon the allowed limits, on the other hand, however, when considering national general requirements, which are very important parameters thatargely influence animal health (i. e. litter quality and care of sick/injured animals) farmer compliance lacks. Especially the litter quality, which, among other parameters, plays a very important role in food pad health, proved to be unsatisfactory. Unfortunately, no instruments are available that measure the litter quality, yet. The status of footpad health was a major problem in all the rearing systems. However, the prevalence of epithelial necrosis and deep skin lesions varied immensely among different flocks of the same age.

Within this study's range, laying hens from different housing systems were investigated on prevalence of Mycoplasma sp. for the duration of one laying period, with an emphasis on the two clinically relevant species M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum. Tracheal swabs were analysed for mycoplasms by genus- and species-specific amplification after DNA extraction. Of 919 collected tracheal swabs, 84% were positive for the genus-specific test, while 75% turned out positive for M. synoviae. Mycoplasms were detected at some time during the laying period in all 19 flocks included in this investigation. Using a species-specific PCR, only one flock of a free-range system was free of M. synoviae. On the contrary, PCR analysis did not detect M. gallisepticum in any of the collected samples. Individual and flock examinations revealed no correlation between clinical symptoms and the presence of M. synoviae in hens and flocks, respectively. As the majority of the examined flocks were already positive for M. synoviae upon entry, the establishment of a control regime for Mycoplasma sp. would be advisable for parent stock and rearing facilities.

A total of 50 adult horses were classified into 4 groups: healthy horses (group 1, n = 14), horses with non-strangulation obstruction (group 2, n = 13), horses with strangulation obstruction (group 3, n = 11) and horses with acute colitis and severe inflammation (peritonitis or thrombophlebitis) (group 4, n = 12). Eleven euthanized horses recreated from group 3 (4 horses with small intestinal strangulation obstruction and hemolytic peritoneal fluid) and group 4 (7 horses with septic peritonitis) were taken as group 5. Free hemoglobin (fr. Hb) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa) were measured by method of Kahn and by Duo Set ELISA Development Kit. The concentrations of fr. Hb and TNF-a were significantly higher (p <0.01) in group 3 (medians: 8.0 micromol/l; 14665 pg/ml) and group 4 (9.1; 15081) in comparison to healthy horses (0.61; 573) and group 2 (0.5; 821), whereas group 2 showed no significant difference with group 1.There was a positive correlation between fr. Hb and TNF-alpha (r = 0.82; P = 0.01) in group 4. Concentrations of both fr. Hb and TNF-alpha were significantly (p <0,01) higher in euthanized horses of group 5 than in medically treated horses of group 2.The high concentration of fr. Hb could be a proinflammatory mediator to stimulate high production ofTNF-alpha known as a proinflammatory cytokine. Both of these parameters could contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome: fever, tachycardia, tachypnoe, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and lactic acidosis. Based on this, increased concentrations of both fr. Hb and TNF-alpha could be a guarded prognostic indicator in horses with strangulation obstruction, acute colitis or septic peritonitis.

In a herd of 1400 dairy goats with an average milk yield of 840 kg/year, 40 "Weisse Deutsche Edelziegen" (October-January: n = 19; April-July: n = 21) were examined. Venous blood samples were collected 6-8, 3-4 and < 2 weeks (wks) ante partum (a. p.) and 2-4 days (d), 3-4 and 6-8 wks post partum (p. p.). Antioxidative Capacity of Water soluble substances (ACW) and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidative Capacity (TEAC) were measured in serum; activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured in an erythrocyte pellet and in whole blood. ACW and TEAC increased significantly 3-4 wks p. p. In summer these two parameters showed significantly higher concentrations than in winter. The SOD had a significantly higher activitiy < 2 wks a. p. and 6-8 wks p. p. GPX-activity showed a constant increase from the beginning of investigations and from 3-4 wks p. p. up to the end of investigations activities were significantly higher than 6-8 wks a. p. The samples ante partum and the first sample taken post partum showed significantly higher activities in summer than in winter. The present study shows, that the metabolic challenge associated to the periparturient period in combination with changing capacity of food intake, influences the antioxidative metabolism in dairy goats. Seasonal depending changes on feeding quality and climate (barn temperature, quality of feeding components) also influence this system.

Between 2000 and 2004 a disease occurred in an aviary in Germany affecting various bird species belonging to the order Passeriformes including Collared Grosbeaks (Mycerobas affinis), Eurasian Bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrhula griseiventris), Brown Bullfinches (Pyrrhula nipalensis), Grey-headed bullfinches (Pyrrhula erythaca) and Yellow-bellied Tits (Periparus venustulus). The major clinical signs included increased mortality of fledglings and young birds, as well as feather disorders and feather loss in adult birds. In addition, adult Eurasian Bullfinches showed in one year a disease course, in which the major symptom was inflammation of the skin beginning on the basis of the beak and spreading over the head occurring a few days before death. Bacteriological and parasitological investigations did not reveal any consistent findings. Using a newly developed polymerase chain reaction protocol, DNA of the recently discovered finch polyomavirus (FPyV) was demonstrated in several affected birds. Because of the consistent detection of FPyV-DNA and the similarity of the symptoms with those observed during infection with the closely related avian polyomavirus in other bird species, an etiological role of FPyV in the observed disease is assumed.

Rotaviruses, a genus within the family Reoviridae, are among the most important etiological agents of severe diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. Their genome, consisting of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA, is characterized by genetic variability including (i) point mutations, (ii) genomic reassortment, and (iii) genome rearrangements, thus leading to the considerable diversity of rotaviruses. Animal rotaviruses are regarded as a potential reservoir for genetic exchange with human rotaviruses. There is now increasing evidence that animal rotaviruses can infect humans, either by direct transmission of the virus or by contributing one or several genes to reassortants with essentially a human strain genetic background. As mixed infections are a prerequisite for reassortment events, cosurveillance of animal and human rotavirus strains will be vital to gain a better understanding of the relationships between cocirculating viruses, as well as assessing any relevant vaccination programs.

Between October 1999 and January 2000 all together 151 male pheasants were examined for endoparasites. 33 one-year-old birds came from two pheasantries, the remaining 118 birds, aged between one and five years, were wildlife animals. The infestation extensy of all pheasants with endoparasites were 96.7%. A mostly low infestation with coccidia of the three species Eimeria (E.) phasiani, E. duodenalis and E. tetartooimia were detected in 41% of all birds. E. tetartooimia was found in Germany for the first time. In 67.5% of the pheasants the five different species of capillaria (Capillaria (C.) annulata, C. bursata, C. contorta, C. perforans, C. phasianina) and in 84.1% the nematode Heterakis gallinarum were present. Pheasants in the capture group showed higher infestation intensy and extensy. In 51.5% of the pheasants of the capture group Syngamus trachea was present. In one pheasant an acanthocephalus (Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus) was detected for the first time in Germany and in two pheasants a trematode of the genus Echinostoma was present.

A highly sensitive diagnostic method is of great importance for detection of I. suis (Isospora suis). In the present study KSFV (combined sedimentation-flotation method) using different flotation solutions (NaCl, ZnSO4, NaCl-sucrose) was investigated regarding sensitivity, costs and expenditure of human labour in comparison to FV (flotation method) using NaCl-sucrose solution and to AM (autofluorescence microscopy). Ninety faecal samples were examined. Using AM, oocysts were detected in 83.3% of the samples. In cases of KSFV and FV, respectively, 41.1% to 53.3% of samples were tested positive. The quantity of detected oocysts was markedly higher in AM than in KSFV or FV. Therefore AM is the most sensitive of the comprised methods. The expenditure of labour is lowest in AM, time exposure is lower in FV than in KSFV. For performance of AM a fluorescence microscope is required contrary to KSFV and FV.

An attempt is made to present out of a multitude of available data those that will allow an insight into the biology of the influenza viruses, in order to contribute to the understanding of the present situation of influenza virus infections and the risk of pandemic influenza. This short overview is based on several reviews presented by others, some own reviews and statements, as well as some recent publications in scientific journals.

In 26 cows with surgically corrected torsio uteri intra partum, severity of disease, wound healing and secondary diseases were correlated with plasma haptoglobin concentration. The objective of the investigation was to determine, if an increased plasma haptoglobin concentration indicates the severity of disease respectively expected wound healing disorders or secondary diseases. The degree of severity of disease was determined by rectally diagnosed elasticity of the uterus before the surgery. In the present investigation, the severity of a uterine torsion intra partum could not be evaluated by determining the plasma haptoglobin concentration. In 9 of 11 days of investigation there was no significant difference in the plasma haptoglobin concentration of animals with an elastic uterus (animals with good prognosis) in contrast to cows with tight uterus (patients with poor prognosis) found. The significant differences on the 6th and 7th day post surgery are related to secondary diseases in patients with poor prognosis, which develop evidently earlier and form stronger. The correlation of all cows with--to those without secondary illnesses shows, that 10 days post surgery patients with secondary diseases have a significant higher plasma haptoglobin concentration (p < 0.05) compared to animals without secondary illnesses. No correlations existed between plasma haptoglobin concentration and wound healing in the examined cattle. A postoperatively increase of haptoglobin indicates a higher risk of secondary illnesses and complications.

This study presents a cost-utility analysis concerning profitability of surgical obstetrics in bovines with torsio uteri intra partum. The calculations are based on 43 surgical treated cows and their postoperative outcome. Cows with torsio uteri intra partum which can not be treated conservatively are mostly, until the end of the follwing lactation period, a loss for the owner/farmer of the animal. The total loss of untreated - euthanized patients is almost 1000 euro (mainly expenses for the replacement of animals) whereas the loss of surgical treated animals, including calculated risks, is on an average 200 euro variing from -452 euro to +28 euro. The calculations presented in this study show, that the surgical treatment of conservatively incorrectable uterine torsion intra partum pays.

There are very few current data on the prevalence of Toxoplasma (T.) gondii in German pig farms. Consequently a reliable risk assessment of human Toxoplasmosis caused by ingesting raw or improperly cooked pork and pork products is not available. The aim of this study was to show current data on T. gondii prevalence in German pig farms. In four pig farms with different management systems (three conventional, one organic) 100 animals each were selected and tested for T. gondii antibodies. The test was done four times during the period from birth to slaughtering. In one farm 20 mother sows were tested additionally. The slaughtered pigs from conventional farms showed seroprevalences between 0 and 15.2% (mean value 5.6%). At the organic system T. gondii antibodies were not detected. All slaughtered seropositive pigs (6 months old) were tested negatively at the age of 9 weeks, but shortly after birth high titres of T. gondii antibodies had been detected in the same animals. Comparing the results gained in different seasons significantly more pigs were found to be infected during the autumn/winter than in the spring/summer period. In order to assess the current risk of Toxoplasmosis more pig farms should be tested. From the point of view of consumer protection the detection of highly infected pig herds is necessary.

The change of haptoglobin concentration in cattle with dystocia after torsio uteri which lead to Caesarean section is regarded in contrast to haptoglobin concentrations in cattle at parturitions with undisturbed puerperium and Caesarean section without torsio uteri intra partum. Animals with natural parturition had low haptoglobin concentrations with slight changes, for a slightly increased haptoglobin concentration was seen as physiologic. Also surgical treatment such as Caesarean section did not result in changes of haptoglobin concentration. Thus, the curve of animal patients with anomalies concerning position or with a too large fetus (relatively or absolutly) was nearly identical to the curve of animals with regular parturitions over the first four days after surgery. Not before the fifth day after surgery, a moderate increase of haptoglobin could be observed. Animals with dystocia after torsio uteri intra partum showed significantly higher haptoglobin concentrations in contrast to controls over the time of investigation. The correlation of haptoglobin concentrations in animal patients with torsio uteri bin concentration shortly after surgery an additionally significant increase of haptoglobin concentration could be observed in later fertile cattles but not in later infertile cattle with torsio uteri. In two cows with torsio uteri and ovariohysterectomy haptoglobin concentrations decreased rapidly. Haptoglobin concentration may serve as an indicator for the degree of impairment of the uterus during a parturition as well as a predictor for regenerative potential.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the slaughter process on the Campylobacter (C.) coli prevalence on pig carcasses and finally pork. To detect C. spp., faecal samples, organ samples and surfaces of slaughter pigs were sampled. Additionally, various abattoir surfaces (n=208) and 227 pork and minced meat samples were included in our study. Whereas a high C. spp. prevalence (64.0%) was detectable in the faeces of slaughter pigs (all isolates were identified as C. coli), low detection rates were observed on pig carcasses after the slaughter process before the chilling period (21.1%). The impact of chilling reduced the detection rate of C spp. on pig carcasses even further to 0.8%. Only C. jejuni strains were isolated after the chilling process. Chilling and the associated drying of the skin are responsible for that massive reduction of C. spp prevalence. Significantly more C. spp. were isolated from livers compared to the corresponding carcasses. Only 5 out of 208 swab samples from different surfaces of the abattoir were C. coli positive. Bacteriological investigation could not detect any C. spp. strains from pork and minced pork meat. The low detection rates at the end of the slaughter and processing line indicate that pork may only play a minor role in the transmission of C. coli infections to humans. By genotyping C. coli-isolates from selected animals we were able to demonstrate three possible ways of contamination of the slaughter carcass surface. Genetically highly related strains were detectable on carcass surfaces of consecutively slaughtered animals. Faecal isolates and isolates from the carcass surface showed occasional high similarities. C. coli-genotypes from tonsils and genotypes from the corresponding slaughter carcasses formed a close cluster.

The objective of the study was to describe the effects of a short acting glucocorticoid which was administered immediately after parturition in dairy cows on haematological, immunologic and metabolic parameters. The study was performed on 104 cows, 52 cows received an intramuscular injection of 2 mg/100 kg BW dexamethasone within 12 hours after parturition. The numbers and the phagocytic activity of granulocytes and monocytes were measured on day 1 and day 3 post partum in 17 randomly chosen cows from each group. From day 1 to day 3 the percentage of phagocytic granulocytes increased in the dexamethasone group from 73.2 +/- 6.1% to 79.6 +/- 6.6% (P < 0.05); in the control group the percentage remained unchanged (74.7 +/- 6.3% and 76.2 +/- 5.8%). The cellular phagocytic activity of granulocytes did not change significantly between day 1 and 3. In both groups the phagocytic activity of monocytes also remained unchanged. The concentrations of endotoxin, haptoglobin and the anti-lipid-A-IgG-antibody-titer did not show significant differences between the groups. Between both groups differences were not observed in the clinical parameters, milk yield or in the incidence of diseases in the peripartal period. The effects of the glucocorticoid on the metabolic parameters were especially seen in bilirubin and free fatty acid concentration. The present study shows that a single injection of glucocorticoids within 12 hours after parturition did not influence the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes negatively and did not have an effect on the measured parameters of acute-phase-response. Therefore, it seems possible to benefit from the positive effects of glucocorticoids on metabolism in this critical early postpartal period in high yielding cows.

The clinical efficiacy of furazolidon for treatment of E. coli-induced gastro-intestinal infections in racing pigeons was investigated. 36 adult pigeons were treated with 2 different oral modes of application (capsule/drinking water) with a daily therapeutic dosage of 12.5 mg furazolidon/pigeon. The pigeons used for this study (Columba livia f. domestica) originated from conventional breeders and were housed in 3 different groups (control-, capsule- and powder-group) in different stables. After infection with an E. coli-strain (O150:H8) that proved to be pathogenic for pigeons, the animals developed clinical signs of disease within 2 days. After onset of disease the treatment with furazolidon for 5 days started. This phase was followed by an adspectory phase for 6 days. The negative identification of the E. coli O150:H8 was determined as main parameter for the clinical efficiacy of the treatment with furazolidon. This parameter showed a highly significant (p = 0.0001) difference between both groups treated with furazolidon and the control group. In both groups treated with furazolidon the E. coli strain could not be isolated after the end of the treatment. An improvement of clinical signs was seen 24 hours after treatment via capsule and 48 hours after treatment via drinking water formulation. The time difference might be caused by the high concentration of furazolidon in the capsules due to the single daily application. Considering the inaccurate dosing via drinking water that results from the varying drinking water intake in pigeons, the application by capsule should be prefered. Both furazolidon preparations proved to be effective in treating gastro-intestinal E. coli-infections in racing pigeons in a dosage of 12.5 mg/pigeon for 5 days, however, best results were obtained by application via capsule.

In principle, molecular biological methods can be used for the detection of specified risk material (SRM) in meat products. We were able to identify suitable target mRNAs for the marker proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) of tissues of the central nervous system (CNS). The selected primers for GFAP ("GFAP87") and MBP ("MBP51") facilitated the detection of CNS in non-heated and heated standards of emulsion type (and raw) sausages with defined addition of brain by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Stability of the mRNA proved to be given over a minimum of 48 hours. First results indicate an even higher stability of the target mRNAs over time and an ample stability against meat technological influences such as storage, temperature, and ripening. RT-PCR with GFAP87 facilitates the detection of CNS of all relevant slaughter animals in meat products. Thus it can be applied in food labeling control. Using RT-PCR and MBP51 as primer we were able to detect selectively the CNS of bovines, ovines and caprines but not CNS of porcines and poultry. Thus we have a second RT-PCR detection procedure for CNS in meat products which, however, yields results equivalent to the legal definition of SRM. The further development of these molecular biological methods would be of considerable importance for routine food control and reduction of human TSE-exposure risk.

One of the most promising genotyping methods for microorganisms is the AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism)-analysis, originally developed to genotype plants. The AFLP method has a high discriminatory power and an excellent reproducibility. Thus it is suitable for solving taxonomic and epidemiological questions. AFLP analysis was used to reveal the genetic diversity of Campylobacter (C.) jejuni strains from turkeys. The aim was to detect and genotype C. jejuni strains on individual turkeys throughout the complete slaughter process. A broad spectrum of genotypes was detectable on the turkey skin at the beginning of the slaughter line. At the end of the slaughter process-after chilling, only a diminished spectrum of genotypes was detectable by AFLP-analysis, suggesting, that slaughter specific environmental stressors may exert a selective pressure on the strain diversity. Our results proved, that AFLP analysis is an excellent tool for subtyping large numbers of Campylobacter strains.

In Bavaria a BHV-1 eradication program was initiated in 1986 and was changed to a compulsory program in 1998. The eradication success increased progressively from < 50% in 1986 to 87% of the farms in 2002. BHV 1-free farms are controlled by bulk milk serology twice a year along with blood serology in animals that are negative but from herds where positive field virus infected animals are present. All serological tests are performed with an indirect ELISA test, all positive results are confirmed by a gB ELISA. Currently about 100.000 virus infected cattle are in Bavarian herds, approximately 80% of these animals are in heavily infected herds (> 10 infected animals). These herds comprise about 5% of all Bavarian herds. The eradication of the virus in these heavily infected herds is the most diifficult, whereas the prevention of new infections appears controllable. In this review current problems in BHV1 eradication are named and possible improvements are discussed.

A total of 5204 bulk milk samples were tested for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) classified according to the scheme after Alenius. Forty-five percent of the samples from 2002 were classified as class 0 and class 1, 55% as class 2 and 3. 6420 bulk milk samples from 1997 were classified in an independent study in 65.6% class 0 and 1 and 34.4% in class 2 and 3. In class 0 and class 1 farms only very rarely persistent viremic animals have been found, whereas in class 2 and 3 their presence is highly likely. Our studies with non-selected sera defined the serological screening of bulk milk samples as a promising tool for a possible BVDV eradication program in Bavaria.

Studies on the prevalence and distribution of ectoparasites in Peru were carried out during a period of 2 1/2 years. The survey included 17,421 domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) from 14 departments in all bioregions and altitude levels and 143 wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea) from three areas (El Paramo, Junin and La Raya) in the Andes and the Cordillera. The guinea pig is an important source of food, especially for the rural population, the infestation with ectoparasites, such as fleas, lice or mites greatly contributes to a decrease in production and low performance. Ectoparasites can be vectors for a variety of pathogens, which is particularly problematic due to the close association of this animal with humans. Twenty one ectoparasite species have been recovered. New knowledge about host associations and distributions could be obtained. The results of the studies are presented under faunistic and ecological aspects.

During several excavations of archeological sites in the Moquegua Valley, Southern Peru, various guinea pig mummies (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) have been discovered. They belong to the Chiribaya Culture (900-1100 AD). The outstanding preservation of the mummified animals gave rise to the idea of a paleoparasitological analysis. In the fur, numerous well preserved ectoparasites (lice, fleas, mites) could be recovered. Generally, ectoparasite remains are rarely found among archeological material. This is the first account of an extensive ectoparasitological analysis of animal mummies in Peru. A modified technique for recovery and preservation of the ectoparasites has been developed.

Due to lack of reference values an objective assessment of myocardial dilatation and hypertrophy in cage and aviary birds so far is not possible. Therefore the thickness of the myocardium of the left and the right ventricle of the heart of 14 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and 5 Alisterus parrots (Alisterus s. scapularis) of both sexes was examined according to a standard protocol to establish morphometric data and first reference values. In order to compare the results of birds of different sizes all data were set in relation to the size of the bird's body (length of the sternum). Results of different zones were compared by means of statistical methods within one species. Besides that a comparison between the two species was performed. Only minor significant differences could be noticed.

Scrotal (n = 66), inguinal (n = 7) and abdominal (n = 36) testes from pigs differing in age (from 1 day to 4 years) were collected after slaughtering or by castration, fixed in 4% formalin and examined by light microscopy. The expression of vimentin, desmin, alpha-actin and PCNA was detected by immunohistochemical technique. Histologically no differences between scrotal and cryptorchid testes are obvious during the prepubertal period, until the age of 10-12 weeks, but with the onset of puberty degenerative alterations (Sertoli-cell-only morphology, giant cells) in dystopic testes occur. Additionally the differentiation of the interstitial cells is disturbed in abdominal testes resulting in a deviating expression pattern of alpha-actin. The Sertoli cells show different distribution patterns (basal, perinuclear, apical) of vimentin depending on the position of the testis and the age of the animal.

Vitamin E is necessary as an antioxidant, as a regulator of the transcription and of the activity of enzymes as well as an activator of the immune system. Supplements of 150-300 mg/kg feed stimulate the activity of the immune system. A content of vitamin E of 200 mg/kg feed in the last three weeks of fattening increases the content in the tissues and stabilises the meat quality. A supplement of fish oil (3%) increases the content of fish fatty acids in the yolk and necessitates an addition of 60 mg vitamin E/kg feed. The content of vitamin E in the tissues of chicks at hatch is dependent of that in the yolk. A supplement of 250 mg vitamin E/kg feed diminishes the decrease in egg production in heat stress. Recommendations for an optimal supply with vitamin E are given.

The effect of the spices garlic (Allium sativum), extract from garlic, sage (Salvia officinalis), caraway (Carum carvi), peppermint (Mentha piperita), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), paprika (Capsicum annuum), marjoram (Majorana hortensis), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and sausage-mix fed to white hybrides on the quality of eggs (n = 705) was tested by 10 qualified persons. Changes in smell or taste were partly significant; a direct improvement is hard to induce. A well seasoned taste was obtained by feeding of garlic, fennel, peppermint and marjoram. They produce an aromatic flavor. A practical application is possible but limited by higher production prices. Further, it is uncertain if there is a need for "taste-manipulated" eggs.

The heart of the bird is characterized by its enormous efficiency. Racing pigeons are bred for a long time for their flight performance. In the present study therefore the heart of 108 racing pigeons of the breed Bricoux were examined by means of echocardiography. The birds were either kept in aviaries (untrained) or as racing birds. The aim was to find out whether differences in the heart dimensions and/or the heart work occur between untrained and trained birds, like it is described already in humans and mammals (so-called athletic's heart). Significant differences between the two groups could be determined with different parameters, in particular with parameters, which affect the heart work. Thus it was for the first time possible to prove the formation of a athletic's heart in birds, and by that the adaptation of the avian heart to appropriate performance requirements.

Determination of specified risk material (SRM) in processed meat products was performed by quantification of brain specific fatty acids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results from SMP (internal standardised meat products) based analyses showed that absolute concentrations of CNS are correlated (r2 = > 0.97) with the contents of the CNS typical fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (C 22:6), nervonic acid (C 24:1), lignoceric acid (C 24) and cerebronic acid (C 24oh). GC-MS detection limits were measured at 0.01% CNS. The cut off value was calculated at 0.39% (w/w) CNS in SMP. In a controlled blindfold experiment we were able to identify correctly all positive and negative SMP samples, respectively. Our results indicate that GC-MS based SRM detection may serve as a reference method for immunochemical and immunohistochemical determination of SRM in processed meat products.

Quality deterioration and food spoilage in fat-containing food is mostly caused by bacterial and endogenous lipases. Quantitative data on the concentration of lipases for a possibly better evaluation of shelf life do not exist. Own investigations for detecting lipases and evaluating their heat stability in selected food of animal origin (meat-products, fish-products, porcine liver) were carried out using the Reflektoquant Lipasetest (Merck). Extreme high values could be found in porcine liver and in muscles of fat fish such as herring. Pork contained 46 micrograms/kg, beef 86 micrograms/kg and poultry a 3-fold higher value. Significant differences could be observed in parts within poultry (breast 139 micrograms/kg, leg 259 micrograms/kg). Heated sausage and hot smoked fish were largely lipase-free, raw sausages contained up to 283 micrograms/kg lipases. Fish- and meat-lipases were not as heat stable as investigated bacterial lipases which makes them distinguishable.

At male deer in the age of 15 and 27 months, at experimentally induced cryptorchids and at castrated animals analyses of the content of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn in 13 different tissues were performed. In the liver of newborn animals solely the content of Fe, Cu and Zn was determined. The significance of the content of the mentioned elements in the various tissues is described. In the liver of the newborn animals stores of Fe, Cu an Zn were identified. The values can be used as a basis for analyses at deer with a growth inhibition caused by a lack of sodium chloride Fe, Cu and Zn.

The knowledge about the biology and the origin of fleas from different periods of time as well as different geographical regions are described, starting from antiquity. Among this, the role of fleas in literature and art, for example in fairy tales and legends, proverbs and fables, painting and music and also the so called "circus of fleas" are covered. In connection with those aspects of cultural history the first efforts of control of flea plagues are mentioned. In addition to magic spells, these also include more or less complicated fleatraps for fleas and attempts of chemical control.

In order to study the prophylactic and metaphylactic effect of antomicrobial growth promoters and ionophorous anticoccidials on the incidence of Cl. perfringens enterotoxaemia in chickens, experimental attempts were performed with 675 chickens in 27 trials. The birds were intraduodenally infected with Cl. perfringens type A (ATCC 3624). The following antimicrobial growth promoters and ionophore anticoccidials were used either on their own or in combination: avilamycin, narasin, monensin and tylosin. While infected and non-medicated trials showed an average incubation period of 1 week, clinical symptoms occurred 2-4 days later in infected and medicated birds. Avilamycin medicated birds had the longest incubation period. In the infected and non-medicated trials, a mortality rate of 16%-36% was noted within 3 weeks post infection. The avilamycin trials showed a mortality rate of 0-8% (0-2 birds died) and the narasin and monensin a mortality rate of 0-8%, respectively. In the combination groups (monensin + avilamycin or narasin + avilamycin), the mortality rate ranged from 0 to 4%. Tylosin showed a very good metaphylactic/therapeutic effect against Cl. perfringens enterotoxaemia. Following infection, medicated birds showed a significantly better bodyweight gain than the chickens, whose feeds had not been supplemented. From epidemiological point of view, the systematic prevention of coccidiosis is a key in the control of Cl. perfringens enterotoxaemia in chickens.

In this study aerobic-thermophilic fermentation of untreated liquid pig manure was examined for the potential of inactivating pathogenic microorganisms. As microbial tracer organisms, Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 and Escherichia coli were used. An effective reduction of survival of these microorganisms could be demonstrated by aerobic fermentation at temperatures of 50 degrees C for at least 3 h. However, these optimal process conditions without the need of additional heating, can only be achieved by microbial substrate reduction. In contrast to the impact of temperature on hygienization processes, alteration of the pH value which occurs during fermentation had no or little influence on the tenacity of the tracer bacteria. Even under mesophilic reaction conditions the influence of the pH value was not measurable. A technical realisation of such an aerobic-thermophilic fermentation process for prophylactic disinfection is questionable since a large technical expenditure is necessary to control ammonia emission. Effective partial reduction of nitrogen, phosphate, and free carbon in liquid manure requires retention times of at least 48 h. However, thermophilic reaction conditions may ensure an effective hygienization of the final fermentation products.

In organic waste, numerous mold fungi and other microorganisms develop sometimes within a few hours only which decompose the organic material already in the collecting containers generating heat and odor. With regard to the emission of mold fungus spores out of garbage cans for bio-waste and the potential environmental-hygienic danger connected with it, considerable worries have been expressed recently. A wide spectrum of mold fungi can be found in bio-waste in strongly varying concentrations. No noticeable difference could be ascertained between the settlement structure areas and the cities respectively as to the fungus concentration in the bio-waste substrate. A. fumigatus and A. niger can be recommended as leading spores for the behavior of the total concentration of fungi in the bio-waste due to their frequency of detection and their seasonal dynamism. The intensity of the air spore pollution through emission of mold fungus spores correlates closely with the climatic conditions, such as variations of temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The airborne release of mold fungus spores out of garbage cans for bio-waste and the formation of a respective exposure connected with it is judged as harmless for healthy persons. Risk patients and persons having a weakened immune system or assumed to have such a one due to an existent basic illness and/or other reasons should avoid any handling of bio-waste as well as any other waste if possible.

Age dependence of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor number on hepatocytes of chickens was determined by incubation of liver cell membranes from chickens of different ages with 3H-prazosin. We showed, that there is a continuous and significant rise of alpha 1-adrenergic binding sites with increasing age of the chickens from 226 +/- 22 fmol/mg protein at the age of up to 4 weeks to 628 +/- 34 fmol/mg protein in laying hens. Changes in receptor affinity could not be registered. The KD-values ranged insignificantly from 0.34 +/- 0.03 nM to 0.50 +/- 0.06 nM in the different ages of chickens and amounted to 0.44 +/- 0.02 nM averagely. The classification of the binding sites for 3H-prazosin to the alpha 1B-subtype could be caused by the high sensitivity to chlorethylclonidine and by the low affinity for alpha A-adrenergic antagonists.

The present investigations should contribute to clarify the importance of beta-adrenergic system in myocard for the triggering of sudden death syndrome and ascites in male broiler chickens. Therefore it should be verified if differences in density of beta-adrenergic receptors in myocard exist in several strains and sexes of chickens. We showed in both male and female broilers that the receptor density was significantly higher as in chickens of the laying strain. There were no significant differences in receptor density between sexes in both investigated strains as well as in KD-values between all groups. The latter finding is referred to the absence of differences in receptor affinity for 3H-dihydroalprenolol between the groups. Clarification of the question if chronic heart failure is in contrast to myocard hypertrophy accompanied with reduction of beta-adrenergic receptor density or receptor affinity in broilers too, as could be shown in other species, has to carried out in further investigations.