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Dempster–Shafer Theory (DST) relies significantly on belief and plausibility measures to handle ambiguity and uncertainty; however, DST has been extended to fuzzy sets (FSs) and intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) with only a few extensions focusing on belief and plausibility intuitionistic fuzzy distance (BP-distance) and similarity (BP-similarity) until now. In this work, we propose a novel framework for the belief and plausibility of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (BP-IFSs) and their BP-distance and BP-similarity measures. We modified steps 4 and 5 of the classical TOPSIS method, utilizing both distance and similarity measures to rank the alternatives that satisfy all necessary axioms of distance and similarity. We present numerical examples involving pattern recognition, linguistic variables, and clustering to illustrate the efficiency of these measures, and we develop belief and plausibility TOPSIS (BP-TOPSIS) using the proposed criteria and apply it to complex multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) challenges. The results demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of our approach.

In this article, we present some novel dynamic Hilbert-type inequalities within the framework of time scales T. We achieve this by utilizing Hölder’s inequality, the chain rule, and the mean inequality. As specific instances of our findings (when T=N and T=R), we obtain the discrete and continuous analogues of previously established inequalities. Additionally, we derive other inequalities for different time scales, such as T=qN0 for q>1, which, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is a largely novel conclusion.

In this article, we discuss several novel generalized Ostrowski-type inequalities for functions whose derivative module is relatively convex in time scales calculus. Our core findings are proved by using the integration by parts technique, Hölder’s inequality, and the chain rule on time scales. These derived inequalities expand the existing literature, enriching specific integral inequalities within this domain.

In this study, we apply Hölder’s inequality, Jensen’s inequality, chain rule and the properties of convex functions and submultiplicative functions to develop an innovative category of dynamic Hardy-type inequalities on time scales delta calculus. A time scale, denoted by T, is any closed nonempty subset of R. In time scale calculus, results are unified and extended. As particular cases of our findings (when T=R), we have the continuous analogues of inequalities established in some the literature. Furthermore, we can find other inequalities in different time scales, such as T=N, which, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is a largely novel conclusion.