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Background The 2018 Phoenix Australia Clinical Practice Guidelines for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) recommended that practitioners use validated, user-friendly self-report measures for PTSD in their practice. However, selecting which measure to use can be difficult as there are currently no guidelines for selection. This research sought to evaluate self-report outcome measures for adults with PTSD and produce recommendations to guide clinicians. Method A systematic search was use qd to identify relevant articles and a comprehensive list of the existing measures of PTSD symptoms were extracted. A second search for validation papers for these measures was then conducted. Using these validation papers, measures were evaluated for their psychometric properties and utility for clinical practice via a purpose-built evaluation tool. Findings Twenty-two self-report outcome measures for PTSD were extracted from 256 randomised controlled trials. For these measures, 110 validation papers were located. For nonspecific trauma exposure populations, the PCL-5 and SPRINT were found to be the most psychometrically valid measures, with the highest scoring clinical utility. The measures for 12 specific trauma exposure populations were examined and discussed. Conclusion This paper has direct clinical relevance for working with individuals with PTSD and provides researchers and clinicians with justification for outcome measure selection. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: It is recommended that clinicians use validated, user-friendly self-report measures to support their assessments of treatment outcomes over time for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinicians may struggle to select which measure to use in their practice when faced with a plethora of choice regarding outcome measures for PTSD, especially given the impact of the DSM-5 update. The differences between measures which are utilised frequently (i.e. ‘common’ measures) and measures with good psychometric properties (i.e. validated measures) and those with good clinical utility (i.e. usability) can be difficult to understand What this topic adds: This paper used systematic review methodology was used to identify & evaluate a comprehensive list of self-report outcome measures for PTSD since the DSM-5 update in 2013 and the populations that they should be used with. For non-specific trauma exposure populations, the PCL-5 and SPRINT were found to be the most psychometrically valid measures, with the highest scoring clinical utility. The most psychometrically valid measures, with the highest scoring clinical utility for twelve specific trauma exposure populations are also presented.

Unusual behaviours are commonly perceived to indicate deception and low credibility. However, they may also characterise individuals with certain mental health or developmental conditions, thus making those individuals vulnerable to negative judgements. We examined the effect of four behaviours – gaze aversion, body movements, monologuing, and flat affect – on judgements of deception and credibility. In an online experiment, we presented participants (N = 392) with videos of actors being interviewed about their involvement in stealing money. In each video, the actor was either instructed to display one of the four behaviours or was not instructed to display any particular behaviour (control condition). Participants were then asked to provide ratings of perceived deception and credibility. There were significant effects of body movements and monologuing on perceived deception, and significant effects of monologuing and flat affect on the specific credibility dimension of perceived caring. Gaze aversion did not have a statistically significant effect on perceived deception or credibility. Body movements, monologuing, and flat affect negatively affected deception and credibility judgements. Populations who commonly display these behaviours, such as individuals with certain mental health or developmental conditions, may be vulnerable to unfair evaluations in the criminal justice system. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Based on self-report measures, unusual behaviours are widely believed to be indicators of deception and low credibility. There is no empirical evidence that behavioural cues are reliable indicators of deception or credibility. Gaze aversion, repetitive body movements, monologuing, and flat affect are common among individuals with certain disabilities and mental health conditions. What this paper adds: This study provides experimental support for the effect of repetitive body movements, monologuing, and flat affect on judgements of deception and credibility. Individuals who present with repetitive body movements, monologuing, or flat affect due to a disability or mental health condition may be subject to unjust evaluations of deception and credibility. There is an important need for further research on how individuals with disabilities and mental health conditions are perceived in the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have been the longstanding targets of racism and discrimination in Australia. This paper presents the findings of a systematic literature review designed to identify and synthesise the available evidence exploring these intergroup attitudes, and the factors that correlate with them. Searches were conducted in Medline, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, ProQuest Psychology Database and PsycINFO databases. Eligible studies were required to measure attitudes of non-Indigenous Australians towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Twenty studies met the eligibility criteria (n = 2,958). The results outlined: (a) the prevalence of negative attitudes, (b) attitudes were most commonly conceptualised as modern racism, and (c) that there are a range of factors that are associated with negativity towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The review outlined the relationship between attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and demographic, ideological, individual differences, and intergroup factors. This review highlights the need for continued research in this domain to inform appropriate prejudice reduction strategies. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples face continued adversity, prejudice, and discrimination on their own land. This heightened propensity to be targeted for prejudice is a known social determinant of poorer health and wellbeing. Understanding racial attitudes towards this group is an imperative step in understanding and combating this health disparity. What this topic adds: There is a paucity of academic research exploring negativity towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples The limited quantity of evidence does establish a range of correlates with negative attitudes that can be clustered into four themes – demographic factors, ideological variables, individual differences factors, and intergroup factors. More research is warranted in this domain to further establish a body of evidence on intergroup attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, with a renewed focus needed on prejudice reduction techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and social commentators have noted the escalating rates of loneliness among global societies for more than a decade. The need to quarantine, self-isolate, and physically distance during the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the way we interacted with each other – exacerbating feelings of loneliness. A sense of belonging and loneliness are sometimes used interchangeably and the research on their shared and distinct aspects is limited. One shared demographic vulnerability in the belonging and loneliness research is the focus on adolescents and young adults. This paper brings together research on the association between the two constructs as a way to explore the utility of belonging-focused perspectives and approaches for addressing loneliness at multiple socio-ecological levels. A proposed conceptual Dual Continuum Model of Belonging and Loneliness presents a multifaceted categorisation of the conjoint loneliness and belonging relationship. This paper highlights the role of belonging in addressing loneliness, which has critical implications for ongoing research and intervention. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Loneliness is considered to arise from a universal human need to belong. (2) Loneliness and belonging are important constructs for social wellbeing. (3) A sense of belonging and loneliness are terms that are often used interchangeably. What this topic adds: (1) The loneliness and belonging research have similarities but are also distinct. (2) Loneliness and belonging could be conceptualised within a dual continuum model. (3) The proposed dual model demonstrates that there is much more to understand about these constructs—theoretically, conceptually and empirically.

Objective Psychological literacy has become influential as a concept to promote the value of a psychology degree to potential students and employers, particularly in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. This influence is based upon an assumption that the concept of psychological literacy is valid. The objective of this paper is to examine relevant literature, identifying possible issues in providing evidence of validity for the construct. Method Messick’s unified validity framework was utilised to evaluate threats to the overall construct validity of psychological literacy. Broad literature such as empirical and case studies, reports, and opinion papers were included as sources for analysis. A content analysis was conducted to determine the level of consensus for proposed psychological literacy attributes. Results There was limited consensus for most attributes in the examined literature, which compromises construct validity according to Messick’s framework. However, five terms were cited in most papers. Consolidating these terms provides a conceptualisation of psychological literacy as the ability to apply scientific principles to psychology concepts in work and personal contexts. Conclusion Possible solutions to resolve construct validity threats are offered. Refining the concept requires further exploration of perceptions among key stakeholders such as psychology teachers, students, and employers. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: A substantial body of literature has been published that discusses the construct of psychological literacy, but limited research (n=7) has measured the construct. A systematic narrative review of psychological literacy detailed concerns over multiple conceptualisations in studies that measured the construct. These prior findings revealed a need to evaluate the validity of the construct. What this topic adds: This paper addresses the need for a construct validity assessment as identified in a previous systematic review. The validity assessment includes broader literature that was not included in the previous systematic review of measurement studies. A roadmap for future research is provided, identifying areas that must be addressed for the construct of psychological literacy to have validity.

Objective Despite Paylater’s increasing popularity in Indonesia, no research potentially has explored the influence of Paylater users’ shopping motivation on purchase intention. This topic is important to research to create a healthier shopping environment for marketers and users. This paper presents two studies addressing this gap.Method Study 1 explored the values of shopping motivation influencing purchase intention in Indonesia using a non-experimental method with 299 participants aged from 18 to 40 years in Indonesia. Study 2 used experimental vignette methods to strengthen the first study’s results. This study involved 752 participants with the same characteristics as Study 1.Results The results of Study 1 show that both utilitarian and hedonic motivations influence Paylater users’ purchase intention in Indonesia, and all shopping motivation values positively influence utilitarian and hedonic motivations. In Study 2, we found that values of convenience, customisation, adventure/exploration and gratification affect the purchase intention of Paylater users in Indonesia.Conclusion The results demonstrate both motivations influence purchase intention, but hedonic has the most significant influence, and all shopping motivation values are significant. Therefore, each value can motivate Indonesian Paylater users’ intention to purchase.Key Points What is known about this topic:

Objective Bonding and attachment relationships are essential to how children develop in society. These relationships have primarily been understood through the “Attachment Theory” which frames parent-child relationships, and the ways a child can be supported to develop within a secure base. Attachment theory (M. D. S. Ainsworth, 1978; Bowlby, 1969), has extensive literature supporting its application, however, its roots are heavily tied to Eurocentric familial understandings (Choate & Tortorelli, 2022).This paper explores the experiences and knowledges of Aboriginal and culturally competent non-Aboriginal mental health professionals in relation to bonding and attachment via three research questions focused on how they conceptualise bonding and attachment, what they think needs to be better understood, and how accurately they think Attachment theory encapsulates Aboriginal family dynamics.Method Eight participants were interviewed using the yarning method (Bessarab & Ng’andu, 2010) to collect qualitative data for this study. Through the participant’s work, study, cultural background and own life experiences, they conveyed information about parenting and attachment relationships. Thematic analysis was utilised to identify patterns amongst the participants’ responses.Results Participants spoke to bonding and attachment in Aboriginal families in the following ways: Intergenerational Trauma, Ongoing Colonisation, Collectivist Culture, Connection to Country, Self-Determination, and Rejection of Deficit Framework. Together, these findings contribute to the conceptualisation of bonding and attachment in Aboriginal families from the perspective of Aboriginal and culturally competent non-Aboriginal mental health professionals.Conclusion This exploration expands on the limited knowledge about bonding and attachment for Aboriginal people and highlights their views from a cultural lens involving kinship and community systems which can deviate from the Western conception of bonding and attachment.

ABSTRACTObjective Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (complex trauma) describes a cluster of symptoms frequently associated with prolonged exposure to inescapable threats or abuse. For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia impacted by complex trauma, there may be compounding factors, such as experiences of historical trauma, loss and socio-economic deprivation stemming from colonisation. However, there is no culturally appropriate tool to assess complex trauma. This paper presents the psychometric evaluation of a preliminary version Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Complex Trauma and Strengths Questionnaire (ACTSQ).Methods Following 2 years of rigorous Aboriginal-led co-design, participants were recruited through community networks and partner health services in South Australia, Victoria, and Northern Territory (October 2020–May 2022). A trained interviewer contacted Aboriginal (n = 109) and Torres Strait Islander (n = 1) parents aged >16 years by phone to complete the ACTSQ. Underlying domain structures were investigated with exploratory factor analysis and reviewed by experts to refine. Reliability and inter-rater reliability were assessed using McDonald’s Omega and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).Results Forty-four items on five factors were retained. Factors were labelled complex trauma symptoms (16 items), grief, loss and disconnection (6 items), support and relationships (9 items), sense of self and strengths (7 items), and Cultural connections and resources (6 items). There were moderate correlations between factors, with the exception of factor 5. Omega was >0.75 for all factors. The inter-rater reliability for each factor was fair to good (ICC 0.5–0.7).Conclusions This study conducted a comprehensive psychometric validation that provides initial evidence towards the cultural validity of the ACTSQ to support assessment of complex trauma and strengths among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Future studies are required to replicate and further evaluate the psychometric properties of the ACTSQ using larger samples.

ABSTRACTObjective Physical inactivity and long hours being sedentary are well documented as behaviours that contribute to ill health. Such behaviours are prevalent among office workers, who are at risk of diseases like metabolic dysfunction, reduced bone mineral density and heart disease. Using a theory of planned behaviour belief-based approach, the current paper qualitatively explores the behavioural, normative and control beliefs held by sedentary office workers towards physical activity within the work environment.Method Participants included 43 full-time office workers, who self-report as having a highly sedentary job and work from either a commercial office, home office, or a combination. The study used a semi-structured interview design following the theory of planned behaviour belief elicitation guidelines, and data analysed using a theoretical thematic analysis approach.Results Participants reported advantages of stress relief, improved focus and productivity and increased positive mood with moving. Disadvantages included feelings of guilt and frustration due to work disruptions from moving more. Mixed reports for others’ approval and disapproval were identified. Office layout was a commonly identified facilitator of workplace movement, with job restrictions identified as a common barrier.Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of workplace culture, organisational support and office layout as key considerations for future interventionalists.

Objective This paper aims to examine the development of personality research within Australia, from the emergence of Australian psychology to the current time. Method The paper first identifies the central role of personality research in shaping early Australian psychology. The paper then addresses the emerging directions of Australian personality research in the post‐war years up to the end of the 20th Century. The paper then highlights the present contributions of personality research, noting both the world‐leading impact made by Australian researchers and real‐world applications of this field. Results Australian personality research has a long history of providing important contributions to both Australian and international psychology. Future prospects and challenges related to attracting research funding for Australian research are also identified. Conclusions Australian personality research was important for the successful emergence of Australian psychology. Present Australian personality researchers are making world‐leading impact and addressing a number of important social issues.

Objective The contribution of women’s leadership programs to gender change in organisations is controversial, and evidence of programs’ effectiveness is siloed across countries, sectors and industries. This systematic review aimed to provide a summary of current global efforts to evaluate women’s leadership programs. Method A systematic review protocol was registered with Open Science Framework prior to data extraction. Eight databases from multidisciplinary fields including (but not limited to) behavioural, social, physical, health and life sciences, management and business, and gender and women’s studies were searched for academic papers examining the outcomes of women’s leadership programs. Twenty-four studies were appraised for methodological quality using Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and 16 studies (11 peer reviewed articles and five theses) were included in the review. Results Data were synthesized using an updated Kirkpatrick typology with seven categories used to classify evaluation outcomes. Subjective outcome levels were addressed more frequently than objective levels. Promotion to a leadership position was the sole objective outcome addressed, but methodological limitations of the included studies mitigate a link between programs and women’s career advancement. Conclusions Currently, the global evidence of women’s leadership programs’ impact on individuals and organisations is inconclusive. This systematic review emphasises the need for enhanced methodological and theoretical rigour to guide the development of future women’s leadership programs and their evaluation.

Objective Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have been the longstanding targets of racism and discrimination in Australia. This paper presents the findings of a systematic literature review designed to identify and synthesise the available evidence exploring these intergroup attitudes, and the factors that correlate with them. Method Searches were conducted in Medline, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, ProQuest Psychology Database and PsycINFO databases. Eligible studies were required to measure attitudes of non-Indigenous Australians towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Results Twenty studies met the eligibility criteria (n = 2,958). The results outlined: (a) the prevalence of negative attitudes, (b) attitudes were most commonly conceptualised as modern racism, and (c) that there are a range of factors that are associated with negativity towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Conclusions The review outlined the relationship between attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and demographic, ideological, individual differences, and intergroup factors. This review highlights the need for continued research in this domain to inform appropriate prejudice reduction strategies. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples face continued adversity, prejudice, and discrimination on their own land. This heightened propensity to be targeted for prejudice is a known social determinant of poorer health and wellbeing. Understanding racial attitudes towards this group is an imperative step in understanding and combating this health disparity. What this topic adds: There is a paucity of academic research exploring negativity towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples The limited quantity of evidence does establish a range of correlates with negative attitudes that can be clustered into four themes – demographic factors, ideological variables, individual differences factors, and intergroup factors. More research is warranted in this domain to further establish a body of evidence on intergroup attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, with a renewed focus needed on prejudice reduction techniques.

Objective Unusual behaviours are commonly perceived to indicate deception and low credibility. However, they may also characterise individuals with certain mental health or developmental conditions, thus making those individuals vulnerable to negative judgements. We examined the effect of four behaviours – gaze aversion, body movements, monologuing, and flat affect – on judgements of deception and credibility. Method In an online experiment, we presented participants (N = 392) with videos of actors being interviewed about their involvement in stealing money. In each video, the actor was either instructed to display one of the four behaviours or was not instructed to display any particular behaviour (control condition). Participants were then asked to provide ratings of perceived deception and credibility. Results There were significant effects of body movements and monologuing on perceived deception, and significant effects of monologuing and flat affect on the specific credibility dimension of perceived caring. Gaze aversion did not have a statistically significant effect on perceived deception or credibility. Conclusion Body movements, monologuing, and flat affect negatively affected deception and credibility judgements. Populations who commonly display these behaviours, such as individuals with certain mental health or developmental conditions, may be vulnerable to unfair evaluations in the criminal justice system. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Based on self-report measures, unusual behaviours are widely believed to be indicators of deception and low credibility. There is no empirical evidence that behavioural cues are reliable indicators of deception or credibility. Gaze aversion, repetitive body movements, monologuing, and flat affect are common among individuals with certain disabilities and mental health conditions. What this paper adds: This study provides experimental support for the effect of repetitive body movements, monologuing, and flat affect on judgements of deception and credibility. Individuals who present with repetitive body movements, monologuing, or flat affect due to a disability or mental health condition may be subject to unjust evaluations of deception and credibility. There is an important need for further research on how individuals with disabilities and mental health conditions are perceived in the criminal justice system.

Objective: It is of critical importance to develop socially sensitive vehicles that will enhance pedestrians’ sense of comfort and safety. The current study is the first to extend these effects to vehicles, by investigating individual comfort distance in virtual reality with regard to vehicles that vary in terms of size, viewing angle and anthropomorphized emotional expression. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of individual differences in terms of height, anxiety and aggression. Method: Forty-four individuals were presented with three-dimensional stimuli of vehicle models differing in size and viewing angle in virtual reality and positioned them at the distance they felt the most comfortable with. Results: Our results show that individuals are more comfortable standing further from larger vehicles and when presented with the front versus the rear view of a vehicle. Moreover, the distance from vehicles was negatively associated with the height of the individuals. Conclusion: This paper suggests that it is important for designing self-driving and autonomous vehicles to consider that vehicle size and direction as well as pedestrian’s height may impact the comfort distance felt by pedestrians. These data have clear implications for vehicle design, including self-driving and autonomous vehicles. KEY POINTS What is already known: Individuals maintain larger distances when in front of individuals/agents than beside or behind them. Individuals provide greater physical space to larger agents (animals and/or humans). No previous study investigated the effect of vehicle size, view angle, and fascia on the comfort distance preferred by individuals as pedestrians. What it adds: Individuals are more comfortable standing further from larger vehicles. Individuals prefer to place more distance between themselves and a vehicle when seeing it from the front versus the rear. Shorter individuals adopt a larger distance from vehicles irrespective of vehicle size and viewing side.

Objective: Memory confidence tends to be positively related to accuracy. However, false memory that fits well with the theme of an experience can also produce high-confidence responses. How to distinguish between high-confidence true and false recognition is unknown. The current study used eye movements to measure the retrieval processes of retrieval cues (i.e., item and theme) on recognition confidence and accuracy. Method: Participants (N = 30, Mage = 21.13 ± 2.06, 15 males) studied four visual thematic scenes, and after a filler task, took an item-theme recognition test in which their eye movements were recorded. Results: The gaze behaviour could distinguish between high-confidence true and false recognition. High-confidence false recognition was associated with longer fixation duration on item and theme, and more regression counts on theme as compared to high-confidence true recognition. Conclusion: High-confidence false recognition, compared to high-confidence true recognition, may have a weaker memory strength, such that more time-consuming and effortful retrieval-related monitoring processes were required before making a decision. The gaze behaviour based on both item and theme implied these processes. Thus, tracking eye movements during the identification may help evaluate whether a high-confidence recognition is true or false. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic? False memories occur when people rely on the theme of an experience. The unexperienced item (e.g., “beach ball”) which is contextually associated with the theme (e.g., “beach scene”) of the experience can be recognized as “old”. Memory confidence tends to be positively related to accuracy. However, false memory that fits well with the theme of an experience can also produce high-confidence responses. Gaze behaviour recorded at retrieval can serve as indices of memory-related processing: previously viewed items had shorter fixation duration relative to high-interference novel items. What does this paper add? This study is the first to provide evidence suggesting that eye movements on either item cue or theme cue can differentiate between high-confidence true and false recognition. Compared to high-confidence true recognition, high-confidence false recognition was associated with longer fixation duration on item and theme. These results suggest that the time-consuming retrieval-related processes are based on both item and theme retrieval. High-confidence false recognition was related to more regression counts on theme than high-confidence true recognition, suggesting that inflated confidence of false recognition may be associated with more effortful retrieval-related monitoring processes.

Objective: A sense of belonging – the subjective feeling of deep connection with social groups, physical places, and individual and collective experiences – is a fundamental human need that predicts numerous mental, physical, social, economic, and behavioural outcomes. However, varying perspectives on how belonging should be conceptualised, assessed, and cultivated has hampered much-needed progress on this timely and important topic. To address these critical issues, we conducted a narrative review that summarizes existing perspectives on belonging, describes a new integrative framework for understanding and studying belonging, and identifies several key avenues for future research and practice. Method: We searched relevant databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrials.gov, for articles describing belonging, instruments for assessing belonging, and interventions for increasing belonging. Results: By identifying the core components of belonging, we introduce a new integrative framework for understanding, assessing, and cultivating belonging that focuses on four interrelated components: competencies, opportunities, motivations, and perceptions. Conclusion: This integrative framework enhances our understanding of the basic nature and features of belonging, provides a foundation for future interdisciplinary research on belonging and belongingness, and highlights how a robust sense of belonging may be cultivated to improve human health and resilience for individuals and communities worldwide. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Belonging is a fundamental human need that all people are driven to satisfy. However, there is disagreement in the literature regarding how a person should go about increasing their sense of belonging. There is also little consensus regarding how belonging should be conceptualized and measured. What this topic adds: The review article draws together disparate perspectives on belonging and harnesses the strengths of this multitude of perspectives to help advance the field. The paper provides a framework that can help inform researchers, practitioners, and individuals seeking to increase a sense of belonging in themselves and in the organizations and groups in which they work and live. We posit that competencies, opportunities, motivations, and perceptions are central elements in strategies that can be used to increase our individual and collective sense of belonging for the betterment of society.

Sociologists and psychologists now agree on the significance of belonging to the experience of loneliness. Yet to date, this is unevenly reflected in both survey instruments and qualitative inquiry where the focus is mostly on belongingness attributed to social connectivity, social support, intimate social bonds and interpersonal relationships. While these are very important, recent work on belonging itself has stressed the significance of much wider bases of belonging, including place, temporality, memory, mobilities, generation, culture, labour processes, kinship systems, residential arrangements, settlement patterns, the public sphere and more-than-human factors. Drawing on evidence from sociology and other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, this paper brings these insights together for the first time in order to develop a deeper consideration of belonging for loneliness research, and especially to identify further sources of variation in loneliness. In this article we will concentrate on kinship, cultural, spatial, temporal and generational bases of belonging, which while discrete are also often interrelated and linked to wider social structural developments associated with individualism and neoliberalism. We argue that this research is a necessary foundation for the “all-of-government” strategies on loneliness that are just beginning to gain favour and traction through their consideration of individual and structural solutions. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) One of the defining aspects of loneliness is where people feel an absence of belonging. (2) We know that most people obtain a sense of belonging from interpersonal relationships. (3) We know that belongingness needs for interpersonal relationships vary considerably, from those individuals satisfied by a very small numbers of relationships, to those with needs for far more. What this topic adds: (1) A discussion of historical, sociological and anthropological research that identifies family and kinship systems (and associated residential and group formation) as key cultural sources of variation in belonginess needs in migrant societies. (2) Identifies other bases of belonging beyond those of interpersonal relationships that have a bearing on loneliness: a sense of belonging to place; a temporal sense of belonging, and belonging to other “more-than-human” sources entities (aesthetics, natures, companion animals, material cultures). (3) A discussion of how other bases of belonging have a bearing on ameliorating loneliness, with implications for new “all-of government” strategies to address it.

Objectives: The rapidly shifting landscape of social media technology presents challenges to researchers and clinicians attempting to understand the impact of such technology on individuals’ psychosocial development. In this paper, we provide a historical perspective on research exploring the relationship between social media use and loneliness and belonging among adolescents and young adults. Method: Rather than attempting an exhaustive review of literature in this area, we provide a narrative review on the evolution of social media technology over the past 20 years and its impact on socialization experiences of adolescents and young adults. Results: Our narrative review, based on three prominent theoretical models in the field, reveals somewhat divergent findings, which may, to a large extent, reflect the remarkable evolution over the past few years in how youths use communication media technology. In this review, we consider individual, societal, and cultural factors that may explain preferences for various forms of online communication and related social outcomes such as belonging and loneliness. Conclusions: Rather than asking whether social media involvement leads to feelings of loneliness and isolation for youth or opens a new frontier for connectedness and belonging, a more useful question is under what circumstances and for whom do these outcomes occur. Social media technology can be both a deterrent and a boost to youths’ sense of social well-being, depending on the nature of its use. We provide some cautions and guidelines for utilizing social media to promote psychological well-being among youth.

Facilitating people's ability to anticipate, prepare for and recover from disaster is an important component of the UNISDR strategy for disaster risk reduction. Following a discussion of the functional characteristics of preparedness, this paper first discusses how hazard characteristics and psychological constructs influence people's ability to anticipate uncertain future events. It then reviews how psychological theories (Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory, PrE Theory, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Critical Awareness Theory, Social Marketing, Protective Action Decision Model, Social Capital, Community Engagement Theory and Social Identity Theory) can inform understanding of preparedness for likely and current hazard events. Discussion then then turns to applying concepts and theories to understanding preparedness for current disasters. The all‐hazards and cross‐cultural applicability of preparedness theory is discussed, as are a need for a critical appraisal of preparedness, its predictors, and the nature and development of the preparedness process and its application in facilitating effective intervention strategies.

Objective This study investigated the relation between flow and aesthetic salience during sport, specifically whether heightened aesthetic salience interfered with flow for adolescent athletes. This study further tested whether neuroticism strengthened the relation between aesthetic salience and flow for boys and girls and whether this relation was stronger for year 9 or year 11 high school students. Method Data were from wave two of the Youth Activity Participation Study (YAPS) of Western Australia. The sample included 1,812 students (814 boys, 988 girls). The YAPS survey was administered using laptop computers or in pen and paper format. Results Results indicated a significant four‐way interaction between aesthetic salience, gender, neuroticism, and year level for experiences of flow. Probing of the four‐way interaction indicated that aesthetic salience was positively predictive of flow at lower levels of neuroticism, but negatively predictive of flow at higher levels of neuroticism, for year 11 girls. For boys, there was a conditional main effect such that more experiences of aesthetic salience predicted more flow in sport. Conclusions These findings illustrate that experiences of aesthetic salience in sport are complex and vary according to individual attributes.

Objective We examine how women high in social dominance orientation reconcile supporting a social system that seemingly disadvantages them. We propose that women high in social dominance orientation are more likely to adopt a benevolently sexist worldview. Method This paper contains data from two survey studies. Study 1 used data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Survey (N = 10,485) which is a study of social attitudes, personality, and health outcomes among New Zealanders. Measures of Social Dominance Orientation, as well as Hostile and Benevolent Sexism were included in Study 1. Study 2 consisted of data from a smaller sample of American females (N = 269). In addition to the variables described above, we also measured the extent to which participants perceived the gender hierarchy to be legitimate and their perceived personal need for protection from men. Control variables included hostile sexism and demographic variables (participants’ age, race, and socioeconomic status). Results Results revealed that social dominance orientation was a stronger predictor of benevolent sexism among women compared to men. Serial mediation analysis was then conducted in Study 2. Study 2 confirmed the hypothesised mechanism: Higher social dominance orientation was associated with perceptions that women's low status is legitimate which, in turn, was associated with higher perceived personal need for protection from men. This was then associated with the endorsement of a benevolently sexist worldview. Conclusion Our findings suggest that social dominance orientation might help to explain why some women endorse benevolent sexism.

The above article, published online on 6 November 2019 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief Professor Nigel Bond, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to concerns regarding data analysis, and the need to be more explicit about the methodology and its source. A revised version of the paper, https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12297, has been resubmitted and published online.