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Background: Cross-sectoral collaborations are considered necessary to address detrimental health, social, educational and economic outcomes that impact marginalised and disadvantaged populations. There is a strong relationship between the health of children and their educational attainment; good health promotes positive learning. This paper reports cross-sectoral executive and senior management level systems changes required to enable the design of a collaborative primary healthcare service model for children and young people in rural Australia. Methods: A descriptive qualitative design was used. Data were collected from executive and senior managers from three organisations (Education, Health and a University Department of Rural Health [ n = 6]) through individual semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using an inductive, thematic approach. The study draws on Lewin's Model of Change. Results: Three overarching themes were generated from the data: an embedded challenge and experimental solutions; building a shared language and understanding; and the role of relationships and trust. Despite the unique geographical and social context of the study area, strategies emerged from the data on how a solution to an embedded challenge, through design of a primary healthcare model, was established and how the strategies described could be transferred and scaled to other rural and remote communities. Conclusion: Contextual differences make each rural and remote area unique. In this study, strategies that are described in the managing change literature were evident. The authors conclude that drawing on strong management of change principles could mean that a service model designed for one remote community might be transferrable to other communities. There is a strong relationship between children's health and their educational attainment. Poorer health, educational and social attainment are experienced by children and young people residing within the study area. Despite unique geographical contexts and demography, strategies that align strong leadership and effective management of change across three organisations were key and may make it possible to transfer a primary health care model designed to improve health and education outcomes for children and young people to other rural and remote communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Almost half of Australian after-hours emergency department (ED) presentations are rated as 'non-urgent' by clinicians and are suggested to be managed by community-based services, such as general practice (GP). This paper reports patient reasons for presenting for medical care after hours, and reasons for selection of specific services across a health system. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted across the Australian Capital Territory. Patients voluntarily completed questionnaires in waiting rooms during the after-hours periods of one weekday and one weekend in 2019 at 28/51 extended hours GPs, 3/3 medical deputising services (MDS), 3/3 nurse-led walk-in-clinics (WICs), and 2/2 public emergency departments (EDs). Results: Of 3371 presentations, 1992 patients completed a survey, with 58% from GPs (n = 1149), 16% from WIC (n = 317), 10% from MDS (n = 193), and 17% from EDs (n = 333). Most patients presented with self-rated new issues (n = 987, 49.5%) and were uncertain of the urgency of their issues (n = 723, 36.7%). Common reasons for presenting to WIC, MDS, and EDs included the problem occurring after hours, and patients concern about the issue. Common reasons for presenting to GP were related to personal preference for after-hours care. Conclusions: Patients present to after-hours medical services for both perceived need and convenience. Most patients appear to be self-selecting after-hours services appropriately aligned with advertised services; except for GP patients who were attending after hours for care that is often non-urgent and could be seen in usual working hours. This study should be replicated to account for local health systems, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related changes to health care. Almost half of Australian after-hours emergency department (ED) presentations are rated as 'non-urgent' by clinicians and are suggested to be managed by community-based services, such as general practice (GP). Our survey shows that patient-perceived urgency and need for care are drivers towards ED and other community services. In contrast, most patients chose after-hours GP for convenience. Public messaging could be adapted to encourage appropriate and timely access to care after hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 60% of Australians have low or marginal health literacy, which is associated with poorer outcomes in patients with chronic disease. Patient-centred strategies (such as reduced medical jargon, use of pictograms, multimedia narratives) are effective in improving outcomes for many chronic diseases, with the impact being greatest in individuals with low health literacy. However, clinicians need a reliable and practical tool for assessing health literacy, the results of which help inform the choice of communication techniques best tailored to deliver information to patients. This article reviews the evidence of health literacy as an independent predictor of poor disease outcomes, describes feasible methods for assessing health literacy and presents communication strategies aimed at facilitating shared decision-making among those with low health literacy. Low health literacy is associated with poor outcomes for chronic disease, and assessing health literacy in the clinic may optimise clinicians' use of tailored communication techniques. This paper summarises the literature regarding health literacy as an independent predictor of poor outcomes in chronic disease, and describes the tools for assessing health literacy and key methods for improving communication with patients with low health literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General practitioners (GPs) play a key role in the return-to-work process, and yet their experiences working with workplace Return-to-Work Coordinators (RTWCs) have rarely been studied. The aim of this paper is to provide insights from the GP perspective about their experiences with workplace RTWCs and their preparedness for the role. GPs from Australian states and territories where legislation mandates workplaces employ a RTWC were requested to complete a questionnaire on their experiences with workplace RTWCs. Fifty GPs completed a questionnaire on the preparedness of RTWCs in relation to their role, with 58% (n = 29) indicating RTWCs require more training. A total of 78% (n = 39) of respondents considered RTWCs were important in assisting injured workers return to work, with 98% (n = 49) ranking trustworthiness, respectfulness and ethicalness as the most important or an important trait for a RTWC to possess. Interestingly, 40% (n = 20) of respondents themselves reported having no training in the return-to-work process. GPs acknowledge the importance of the workplace RTWC in the return-to-work process, and the results highlight the need for RTWCs to possess specific traits and undergo appropriate training for the facilitation of a successful return to work for injured workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falls are common among older people and a leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation. The immediate post-hospitalisation period is a risky time for further falls. This paper explores discharge strategies from the perspectives of older people hospitalised for a fall and liaison nurses assisting people to return home. Exploratory mixed methods were used. Semi-structured interviews with older people were conducted regarding their experience of the fall and discharge strategies. Quality of life, falls risk and functional capacity were measured by questionnaire. Liaison nurses were also interviewed. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Mixed-method synthesis occurred using role-orderedmatrix analysis. Older people (n = 13) and liaison nurses (n = 6) participated. Older persons' quality of lifewas average and falls risk high. Thematic analysis revealed three key themes: 'falls are not a priority', 'information not given, or given and not retained' and 'reduction in confidence and independence'. Role-orderedmatrix analysis identified differences between acute and rehabilitative hospital stays. Older people hospitalised for a fall present a unique opportunity for implementation of falls prevention strategies. However, hospitalisation is often a time of crisis with competing priorities. Timing and relevance are crucial for optimal uptake of falls prevention strategies, with the primary care setting well-placed for their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of Australians are travelling domestically for extended periods. This creates challenges in both continuity of health care and burdens on health services. This paper reports a cross-sectional survey aimed to explore the health needs and health planning of long-term travellers. In total, 316 respondents who had travelled for more than 3 months consecutively in the last year participated. Most respondents were retired (n = 197; 62.3%); however, ages ranged from 26 to 89 years. Nearly half of the respondents or their travel companion had a long-term illness that affected their daily life (n = 135; 42.7%). Nearly half of respondents visited a GP (n = 133; 42.1%), nearly one-quarter visited an Emergency Department (n = 72; 22.8%) and 19.9% (n = 63) visited another health provider while travelling. The level of preparation around health while travelling varied between participants. This study highlights that long-term travellers have significant health needs and are likely to require health services during their extended travel. Additionally, it identifies that currently few strategies are used to plan for health care during travel. This raises issues for rural and remote health services in terms of both capacity and continuity of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the association between socioeconomic status and speech, language and communication outcomes for primary-school-going children with hearing loss using population survey data was analysed. The dataset used for analysis consisted of 289 973 children in total, of which 3174 children had hearing loss. For all children, higher socioeconomic status was positively correlated with better speech, language and communication outcomes. A hearing loss was indicated for 1% of non-Indigenous children and 4.3% of Indigenous children. Non-Indigenous children with hearing loss were found to be fairly evenly distributed by socioeconomic status, whereas Indigenous children with hearing loss were found to be statistically significantly more likely to be living in the most disadvantaged socioeconomic areas. Socioeconomic status was found to affect developmental outcomes for all children, regardless of Indigenous and hearing loss status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufactured home villages (MHVs) are an increasingly popular housing option for older Australians. This paper reports a cross-sectional survey that sought to describe the health status and health service access of MHV residents. The survey tool comprised demographic and health status items, primary healthcare access perceptions and the World Health Organization Quality of Life tool (WHOQOL-BREF). One-hundred-eighty-six MHV residents from regional NSW completed the survey. Hypertension (54.8%) and arthritis (46.5%) were the most prevalent chronic diseases reported. Overall, respondents expressed a high level of satisfaction with the sense of safety and security (82.8%), neighbours (69.4%) and the overall location of the villages (66.7%). There was good to excellent internal consistency of all four WHOQOL-BREF domain scores, with a comparatively lower sample mean score for the 'Physical' and 'Psychological' domains. MHV residents are a significant cohort of older people with high rates of chronic disease and reasonably poor access to transport services, which affects their capacity to access health services. They also have comparatively low levels of quality of physical and psychological life along with low levels of satisfaction with their health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the environmental and organisational determinants of workplace violence in correctional health settings. This paper describes the views of health professionals working in these settings on the factors influencing workplace violence risk. All employees of a large correctional health service in New South Wales, Australia, were invited to complete an online survey. The survey included an open-ended question seeking the views of participants about the factors influencing workplace violence in correctional health settings. Responses to this question were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis. Participants identified several factors that they felt reduced the risk of violence in their workplace, including: appropriate workplace health and safety policies and procedures; professionalism among health staff; the presence of prison guards and the quality of security provided; and physical barriers within clinics. Conversely, participants perceived workplace violence risk to be increased by: low health staff-to-patient and correctional officer-topatient ratios; high workloads; insufficient or underperforming security staff; and poor management of violence, especially horizontal violence. The views of these participants should inform efforts to prevent workplace violence among correctional health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia and New Zealand both have large populations of people with limited English proficiency (LEP). Australia's free telephone interpreter service, which is also used by New Zealand through Language Line (LL) but at a cost to the practices, is underused in both countries. Interpreter guidelines warn against the use of family members, yet the lack of uptake of interpreter services must mean that they are still often used. This paper reviews the literature on medical interpreter use and reports the results of a week-long audit of interpreted consultations in an urban New Zealand primary health centre with a high proportion of refugee and migrant patients. The centre's (annualised) tally of professionally interpreted consultations was three times more than that of LL consultations by all other NZ practices put together. Despite this relatively high usage, 49% of all interpreted consultations used untrained interpreters (mostly family), with more used in 'on-the-day' (OTD) clinics. Clinicians rated such interpreters as working well 88% of the time in the OTD consultations, and 36% of the time in booked consultations. An in-house interpreter (28% of consultations) was rated as working well 100% of the time. Telephone interpreters (21% of consultations) received mixed ratings. The use of trained interpreters is woefully inadequate and needs to be vigorously promoted. In primary care settings where on-going relationships, continuity and trust are important -- the ideal option (often not possible) is an in-house trained interpreter. The complexity of interpreted consultations needs to be appreciated in making good judgements when choosing the best option to optimise communication and in assessing when there may be a place for family interpreting. This paper examines the elements of making such a judgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many GPs undertake postpartum care for women and their infants. GP follow-up enables early identification and management of problems, education and support for parenting, and reconnection with general practice following the birth. However, there is little information about GPs' understanding of their role in postpartum care and how it is undertaken. This cross-sectional survey of GPs in Southern Queensland, conducted between February and July 2013, describes the involvement of GPs in postpartum care. GPs were posted a 52-item questionnaire adapted from a previous Victorian GP study and were telephoned 2 weeks later. GPs completed the survey on paper or online. The response rate was 17.4% (163 GPs). Approximately 39% were uncertain whether women were happy with the GP-provided postpartum care. GPs' recommendations for the timing of postpartum reviews were inconsistent within and across birthing sectors and consultations took longer than anticipated. Developing guidelines around the timing and appropriate length of postpartum consultations could assist GPs in providing appropriate care for mothers and infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant gaps remain between recommendations of evidence-based guidelines and primary health care practice in Australia. This paper aims to evaluate factors associated with the use of guidelines reported by Australian GPs. Secondary analysis was performed on a survey of primary care practitioners which was conducted by the Commonwealth Fund in 2009: 1016 general practitioners responded in Australia (response rate 52%). Two-thirds of Australian GPs reported that they routinely used evidence-based treatment guidelines for the management of four conditions: diabetes, depression, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypertension -- a higher proportion than in most other countries. Having non-medical staff educating patients about self-management, and a system of GP reminders to provide patients with test results or guideline-based intervention or screening tests, were associated with a higher probability of guidelines use. Older GP age was associated with lower probability of guideline usage. The negative association with age of the doctor may reflect a tendency to rely on experience rather than evidence-based guidelines. The association with greater use of reminders and self-management is consistent with the chronic illness model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on an investigation into five risk prevention factors (technology, people, organisational structure, culture and top management psychology) to inform organisational preparedness planning and to update managers on the state of health care services. Data were collected by means of a 10-question, cross-sectional survey of key decision-making executives in eight different types of 75 health care organisations. Many organisations were found to have deficient risk prevention practices and allied health organisations were considerably worse than health organisations. Forty per cent of hospitals and chiropractic practices had out-dated or poor technology. Results on organisational culture and structure found that many executives associate these factors with risk prevention, but none of them appreciate the relationship between these factors and crisis causation. Gaps and areas for improvement are identified and a change in top management attitude is recommended to address resource allocation and implement appropriate risk prevention systems and mechanisms. Reactive managers need to increase their awareness of risks in order to become capable of preventing them. Proactive managers are those who invest in risk prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian government's commitment to health service reform has placed general practice at the centre of its agenda to manage chronic disease. Concerns about the capacity of GPs to meet the growing chronic disease burden has stimulated the implementation and testing of new models of care that better utilise practice nurses (PN). This paper reports on a mixed-methods study nested within a larger study that trialled the feasibility and acceptability of a new model of nurse-led chronic disease management in three general practices. Patients over 18 years of age with type 2 diabetes, hypertension or stable ischaemic heart disease were randomised into PN-led or usual GP-led care. Primary outcomes were self-reported quality of life and perceptions of the model's feasibility and acceptability from the perspective of patients and GPs. Over the 12-month study quality of life decreased but the trend between groups was not statistically different. Qualitative data indicate that the PN-led model was acceptable and feasible to GPs and patients. It is possible to extend the scope of PN care to lead the routine clinical management of patients' stable chronic diseases. All GPs identified significant advantages to the model and elected to continue with the PN-led care after our study concluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The academic literature contains surprisingly little information regarding the design and conduct of surveys dealing with sensitive social issues. The present paper is an attempt to help fill that gap so that other researchers conducting similar projects can learn from our experience. In particular, I focus on the various challenges we encountered in carrying out a computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) survey of informal carers in Australia, our responses to these challenges and our learnings from this endeavour. In the present article, I discuss the following issues: cost-efficient sampling for small numbers; opt-out versus opt-in approaches to respondent participation; status errors in administrative data; reducing respondent refusals; interviewing non-English speakers; questionnaire topic order; carers who care for more than one person; and interviewer training, including interviewer and/or respondent distress. The conclusions were: (1) carers are generally willing and able to answer quite sensitive questions around caring, despite the fact that they may become distressed in doing so; (2) carers are willing to answer a rather long (25 min) telephone survey; (3) thorough interviewer training is critically important, with an emphasis on achieving a balance between sensitivity and efficiency; and (4) respondents should be given the opportunity at the end of the interview to make additional comments and to provide their contact details should they desire follow up from an appropriate authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]