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Background: Aboriginal culture stands as the oldest continuous culture in the world. It gives paramount importance to a harmonious balance between personal connections to the body, spirit, and mind, as well as collective relationships with family, land, and community, integral to the wellbeing of Aboriginal people. However, obstacles can emerge for patients due to language barriers, cultural differences, or a historical lack of trust in the healthcare system. The establishment of Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) has undoubtedly improved the healthcare experience for Aboriginal patients, yet there is limited research on the specific approaches utilised by general practitioners (GPs) working in these clinics. Methods: Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with two groups of GPs working in Aboriginal health. Each GP was presented with three scenarios and asked questions related to each scenario. Braun and Clarke's method of thematic analysis was applied to transcribed interviews. Results: Patient-doctor relationship, health literacy, and engagement with the health system emerged as key factors influencing communication with Aboriginal patients. Experienced GPs, despite differing clinical backgrounds, shared concise yet similar ideas to their less experienced counterparts. Notably, experienced GPs prioritised non-medical conversations and mindful body language, emphasising the importance of building strong patient relationships over other consultation aspects. Conclusions: This research provides initial insights for GPs in Aboriginal health, comparing experienced GPs with more than 10 years experience to novices. However, further research involving Aboriginal patients is needed to validate GP strategies and understand their significance from the patients' perspective. Communicating health information can be a challenging skill to clinicians especially when working in Aboriginal health. Despite Aboriginal Health Community Controlled Health Organisations having enriched the experience of Aboriginal patients, there is limited research on the approaches adopted by general practitioners (GPs) working in these clinics. Our research combines thoughts from experienced and novice GPs who worked in Aboriginal Health, and shares some of their experiences related to communicating medical information with Aboriginal patients in this highly complex field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advances in screening and treatments for colorectal cancer (CRC) have improved survival rates, leading to a large population of CRC survivors. Treatment for CRC can cause long-term side-effects and functioning impairments. General practitioners (GPs) have a role in meeting survivorship care needs of this group of survivors. We explored CRC survivors' experiences of managing the consequences of treatment in the community and their perspective on the GP's role in post-treatment care. Methods: This was a qualitative study using an interpretive descriptive approach. Adult participants no longer actively receiving treatment for CRC were asked about: side-effects post-treatment; experiences of GP-coordinated care; perceived care gaps; and perceived GP role in post-treatment care. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 19 interviews were conducted. Participants experienced side-effects that significantly impacted their lives; many they felt ill-prepared for. Disappointment and frustration was expressed with the healthcare system when expectations about preparation for post-treatment effects were not met. The GP was considered vital in survivorship care. Participants' unmet needs led to self-management, self-directed information seeking and sourcing referral options, leaving them feeling like their own care coordinator. Disparities in post-treatment care between metropolitan and rural participants were observed. Conclusion: There is a need for improved discharge preparation and information for GPs, and earlier recognition of concerns following CRC treatment to ensure timely management and access to services in the community, supported by system-level initiatives and appropriate interventions. Colorectal cancer survivors can experience ongoing side-effects and functioning impairments long after completing treatment. This study explored how colorectal cancer survivors manage their consequences of treatment in the community. Colorectal cancer survivors were interviewed about the side-effects they experienced after treatment; their experiences of general practitioner-coordinated care; perceived care gaps; and their perception of the general practitioner role in post-treatment survivorship care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: General practitioners (GPs) have played an integral role in Australia's coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response. However, little is known about how GPs themselves have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to increase our understanding of the experiences of GPs working during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews. Using purposive sampling, 15 GPs from South-Eastern Australia were asked to reflect on their experiences during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interview transcripts underwent thematic analysis. Results: Five main themes were identified: fear of infection; uncertainty and information overload; impacts on the government–GP relationship; impacts on the patient–doctor relationship; and teamwork within practices and among GPs. Conclusions: The 15 GPs interviewed in this study provided valuable insights into their experiences working during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. From these insights, four recommendations propose what could be done to help support GPs to respond to a pandemic while continuing to deliver primary health care. Although general practitioners (GPs) have played a crucial role in Australia's COVID-19 pandemic response, few studies have explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on GPs themselves. In this qualitative study, 15 GPs from South-Eastern Australia were asked to reflect on their experiences working during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in semi-structured interviews. Their reflections enhance our understanding of the experience of GPs working during the COVID-19 pandemic and may help guide future research and work to support GPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autistic adults experience barriers to accessing health care, such as service provider communication not meeting their needs, healthcare facilities causing sensory discomfort and feeling fear or anxiety regarding their healthcare visit. The Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education (AASPIRE) developed and trialled an online healthcare toolkit to reduce such barriers and improve healthcare interactions between autistic adults and their primary care providers in the United States. This preliminary study aimed to explore experiences of autistic adults using the AASPIRE Healthcare Toolkit in Australia. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six autistic adults about their experiences and perceptions of utilising the toolkit in an Australian healthcare setting. Results: Participants identified that the toolkit facilitated their interactions with health professionals by providing structure to appointments, supplementing new knowledge and increasing individual confidence. They also offered suggestions to tailor the toolkit for use in Australia. Conclusions: Future research should seek to explore the experiences of autistic adults using a version of the toolkit adapted for Australian use, as well as exploring the views of health professionals utilising it. Autistic adults often experience barriers to accessing health care and have negative healthcare experiences. We wanted to know if an online healthcare toolkit developed with autistic adults to improve healthcare interactions between them and their primary care providers in the US, could be used in Australia. We interviewed six Australian autistic adults about using the toolkit, with positive feedback. An Australian-adapted healthcare toolkit may potentially improve the healthcare experiences of autistic adults living in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) are the most effective contraceptive methods available in Australia and are effective for between 3 and 8 years. Early LARC removal (<12 months of use) can lead to gaps in contraceptive cover, exposing women to the risk of unplanned pregnancy. This study explored the experiences of doctors working in primary care (GPs and sexual health physicians) when asked to remove LARC earlier than expected. From May to July 2020, 13 doctors in Melbourne, Australia, were interviewed. Overall, participants felt conflicted about early LARC removal requests; participants highlighted the importance of respecting patient autonomy, but many felt that patients should ideally persist with LARC longer. Participants found balancing a desire to respect patients' autonomy with their clinical responsibility challenging. Doctors used reassurance, delaying tactics and treatment of side effects to try and prolong LARC use. However, this balancing act led many doctors to perceive a tension between themselves and their patients when early LARC removal was requested. Incorporating professional education addressing these issues may help primary care providers better anticipate and navigate the tension surrounding early LARC removal consultations and maintain effective doctor–patient relationships. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) are the most effective contraceptive methods available, and although most women keep their LARC in for the prescribed length of time, others will request early removal. This study found a perceived tension between doctors and their patients when early LARC removal was requested. Appropriate training and more relevant professional development may help primary care providers better navigate the tension surrounding early LARC removal consultations and maintain effective doctor–patient relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored patients' and GPs' perceptions of an alternative payment system, a Patient-Chosen Gap Payment, where a gap fee is determined by the patient based on their perceived value of the service, including the choice to pay nothing. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews held with GPs (n = 10) and patients (n = 10) were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed for emerging themes. We found three emergent themes: (1) the cost of quality: health care was difficult to value for both GPs and patients; there was belief in universal coverage and the importance of quality, but tradeoffs in quality of care were a common perception; (2) the doctor-patient relationship: patient-centred care was a common goal and perceived as a good measure of quality care and a way for patients to place a value on the service/care; and (3) the business of general practice: participants wanted to see sustainable business models for primary care that incentivised quality of care. A Patient-Chosen Gap Payment (PCGP) funding model could incentivise doctors to provide better care without limiting access to health care. Further research is needed to model real-world application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older people who live in the community and need assistance with daily activities are a unique group of patients to treat in the primary care (PC) setting. This study aimed to understand access-related PC needs and experiences of community-living people over 65 years of age receiving home-based assistance through the Home and Community Care (HACC) program in Melbourne, Australia. This descriptive qualitative study used thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with HACC program clients and assessment officers. Access-related needs and experiences were examined using the patient-centred access to care framework. Client (n = 11) and assessment officer (n = 4) interviews showed that community-living older people receiving home-based assistance from social services are able to find a GP according to their preferences; however, some challenges in access to comprehensive care exist. These challenges relate to regularity of PC attendance, out-of-pocket fees for specialist care and maintaining an enduring patient-GP relationship. GPs can play an important role in improving PC access for vulnerable older people. In particular, GPs can contribute to improving PC attendance and facilitating more affordable access to specialist care by improving systems to recall patients more regularly and developing explicit systems for linking vulnerable patients to affordable specialist services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to understand what barriers exist or choices are made by patients who access regular care for long-term health issues from multiple GPs. This was a qualitative interview study in Western Sydney community settings consisting of semi-structured interviews and inductive thematic analysis. Twenty participants who accessed GP care were interviewed. Sixteen had seen multiple GPs over the previous twelve months and all had seen multiple GPs over preceding years. Participants valued interpersonal continuity of care. Nevertheless, they made decisions to meet their needs by seeing multiple GPs. They considered waiting times, preference for an individual GP based on their consultation style or perception of their particular area of expertise, experiences with reception staff and the practice model of care. Participants were aware that interpersonal continuity of care was considered important by GPs and were reticent to be seen as 'doctor shoppers'. Therefore, they did not usually disclose that they saw multiple doctors and were unlikely to discuss continuity of care with a GP. Participants made considered choices about health care. Despite general practice promoting interpersonal continuity of care, it is not always achievable or desired by patients. GPs can promote care continuity through supportive practice models and dialogue about when continuity is desirable. Although interpersonal continuity of care is associated with positive health outcomes, many patients with long-term health problems see more than one GP. This study suggests patients make choices based on multiple factors, including perceived match between their health problem and GP style and expertise, and practice systems. Revealing these episodes of care to other GPs was seen as potentially stigmatising. General practitioner, practice and health system factors that affect patient decisions should be considered when promoting care continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer care spans both hospital- and community-based healthcare settings, and suboptimal communication between healthcare providers impacts on continuity and quality of care. Patients' experiences regarding: (1) communication between healthcare providers; and (2) the role of their GP during cancer treatment was explored in interviews with 47 Western Australian lung cancer patients. Thematic analysis using a phenomenological approach was undertaken to derive key themes regarding participant experiences. Poor communication between hospital cancer specialists (HCSs) influenced participants' treatment choices and perceptions of the quality of their care. Information provided by HCSs to GPs was often delayed or incomplete, and many participants perceived themselves as a messenger between healthcare settings. Participants' opinions about the GP role during cancer treatment ranged from 'no role' to an 'active member of the treating team'. A new model of cancer care is needed where the GP is considered part of the treating team. Early involvement of GPs and two-way communication between hospital and primary care during the disease continuum is required for this to occur. Lung cancer care occurs in the hospital and the community and good communication between all healthcare providers is essential. Many patients experienced delayed or incomplete communication practices and reported the burden of information transfer falling on them. Most patients wanted their GP to be well informed about their cancer care. Early GP involvement and two-way communication between health professionals looking after lung cancer patients is needed to support patients in their journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that patient portals can improve patient–provider communication and patient satisfaction. Yet few studies have examined patient portals in New Zealand. In this study, GPs from nine primary care practices were interviewed using a semi-structured interview technique to ascertain how they thought patient portals influence the delivery of primary healthcare. The interviews were transcribed and thematically analysed. The three themes detected were: patient portal usage, health information seeking and the changing consultation. Although most of the participants indicated that patient portals are not being effectively utilised, they were optimistic about the role of information technology in primary healthcare for providing accurate information and to connect with patients in modern terms. Participants reported that some patients have become more informed and compliant with medical treatments and interventions after using patient portals. It seems that patient portals have the potential to enhance patient–provider relationships and help patients manage more aspects of their health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General practitioners and maternal, child and family health nurses have a central role in postpartum primary health care for women and their infants. Positive client-provider relationships are particularly important for women experiencing mental health problems or unsettled infant behaviour. However, little is known about their experiences of postnatal primary health care. The study aimed to describe views of postnatal primary health care among women completing a residential early parenting programme and to identify potential strategies to enhance provider-patient interactions. Participants (n = 138) were women admitted with their infants to a private or a public early parenting service in Melbourne, Australia. Women completed a detailed self-report survey, including open-ended questions about experiences of primary health-care services, and a structured psychiatric interview to diagnose anxiety and depression. Survey responses were analysed thematically. Womens' experiences of primary health care were influenced by their perceptions of provider competence and the quality of interactions. While similar positive characteristics of doctor and nurse care were valued, medical and nursing practices were judged in different ways. Women described GPs who listened, understood and were thorough as providing good care, and maternal, child and family health nurses were valued for providing support, advice and encouragement. Threats to therapeutic relationships with doctors included feeling rushed during consultations, believing that GPs were not mental health-care providers and the clinician not being 'good' with the infant; with nurses, problems included feeling judged or given advice that was inconsistent or lacked an evidence-base. Postpartum primary health care will be improved by unhurried consultations, empathic recognition, encouragement, evidence-informed guidance and absence of criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the chronic shortages of GPs in Australian rural and remote regions, considerable numbers of international medical graduates (IMG) have been recruited. IMG experience many difficulties when relocating to Australia with one of the most significant being effective GP-patient communication. Given that this is essential for effective consultation it can have a substantial impact on health care. A purposive sample of seven practising GPs (five IMG, two Australian-trained doctors (ATD)) was interviewed using a semistructured face-to-face interviewing technique. GPs from Nigeria, Egypt, United Kingdom, India, Singapore and Australia participated. Interviews were transcribed and then coded. The authors used qualitative thematic analysis of interview transcripts to identify common themes. IMG-patient communication barriers were considered significant in the Wheatbelt region as identified by both IMG and ATD. ATD indicated they were aware of IMG-patient communication issues resulting in subsequent consults with patients to explain results and diagnoses. Significantly, a lack of communication between ATD and IMG also emerged, creating a further barrier to effective communication. Analysis of the data generated several important findings that rural GP networks should consider when integrating new IMG into the community. Addressing the challenges related to cross-cultural differences should be a priority, in order to enable effective communication. More open communication between ATD and IMG about GP-patient communication barriers and education programs around GP-patient communication would help both GP and patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a paucity of research into the perceptions of elderly Australian ethnic minorities towards public health services related to quality use of medicines. Among the six fastest growing ethnic groups in Australia, the Mandarin-speaking Chinese and Vietnamese constitute the largest elderly populations with poor English skills. This paper investigates the relationships of elderly Chinese and Vietnamese migrants with medicines, general practitioners and pharmacists, and how these relationships influence their awareness and attitudes of the home medicines review (HMR) program. Two semi-structured focus groups were held with a total of 17 HMR-eligible patients who have never received a HMR, one with Chinese and one with Vietnamese respondents, each in the respective community language. Confusion about medications and an intention to have a HMR were pronounced among all participants although none of them had heard of the program before participating in the focus groups. Respondents reported difficulties locating a pharmacist who spoke their native language, which contributed to an increased unmet need for medicine information. The Chinese group additionally complained about a lack of support from their general practitioners in relation to their medicine concerns and was adamant that they would prefer to have a HMR without the involvement of their general practitioner. Our results indicate a distinct HMR need but not use among elderly Chinese and Vietnamese eligible patients with poor English skills. Home medicines review service use and perceived medication problems are likely to improve with an increasing availability of bilingual and culturally sensitive health care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a qualitative study investigating patients' experiences of ongoing smoking or smoking cessation after hospitalisation for an acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction or unstable angina) and describes how study participants spoke about the role of their doctors in smoking cessation. We invited individuals who had been admitted to an Australian public hospital in 2005 with a discharge diagnosis of an acute cardiac syndrome and who were smokers at the time of their hospitalisation to participate. Participants underwent a semi-structured interview and ongoing smokers also completed a 'stages of change' questionnaire. In total, 35 participants were interviewed, including 14 who were no longer smoking at least 12 months after their admission and 21 who were. Findings gave insight into the ways that cardiac patients perceive smoking cessation advice from their doctors, the perceived stigma of smoking and how lay understandings about smoking and smoking cessation emphasise the role of choice and individual responsibility. Our findings also indicate considerable scope for GPs and other doctors to offer better smoking cessation support to patients with established cardiovascular disease, particularly after a period of hospitalisation when the majority are highly motivated to stop smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a a qualitative study investigating patients' experiences of ongoing smoking or smoking cessation after hospitalisation for an acute coronary syndrome and describes how study participants spoke about the role of their doctors in smoking cessation. It invited individuals who had been admitted to an Australian public hospital in 2005 with a discharge diagnosis of an acute cardiac syndrome and who were smokers at the time of their hospitalisation to participate.

Doctors face many barriers accessing health care. Even after a doctor has adopted the patient role, quality health care can remain elusive. This study investigated the consultation between the treating doctor and the doctorpatient. We aimed to determine what doctors want within the consultation, their preferred consultation method. This qualitative study involved 37 GPs who participated in one of six independently facilitated focus groups. Data were recorded, transcribed and analysed for recurrent themes using an iterative inductive framework. Participants emphasised the importance of, and the difficulty in, establishing a relationship with a GP. This involved determining who to see and when to go to the doctor. Specific ways of strengthening the doctor-patient relationship were discussed, including understanding the illness experience, acknowledging the whole patient, setting boundaries, providing holistic care, developing rapport and participating in shared decision making. Empathy was especially important. Analysis revealed strong similarities with the 'patient-centred consultation method'. Understanding the preferred consultation method for doctors will assist doctors in providing quality care to their peers. This is an important step in enhancing health access for doctors. Doctors want what patients want: care delivered within a patient-centred consultation. These insights may help other health professionals when treating or receiving care from their colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New mothers and their infants are high frequency users of primary health care services in Australia providing opportunities for GPs to engage with women about common postnatal morbidities. This study aimed to explore women's views of GP care in the first year following birth. We used semistructured interviews with a subsample of women who had participated in a population-based survey of women who gave birth in two Australian states (Victoria and South Australia) in 2007. Twenty-nine women were interviewed. Prominent themes that emerged were around issues of disclosure, including women's views on ways practitioner interactions and systems of care facilitate or hinder disclosure and subsequent discussion of health problems. Women reflected on the role GPs played in their health and wellbeing after childbirth, the importance of enquiry, communication style and the way access to, and time in, consultations impact on disclosure, perceived support and discussions. To improve care for women after childbirth we need to know the contexts that facilitate disclosure. Findings from this qualitative study deliver an important message to clinicians: women value primary care, identify issues that facilitate and hinder disclosure and describe 'good' encounters as ones where they feel understood, supported and reassured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opioid substitution therapy (OST) is a well-recognised, evidence-based treatment for opioid dependence. Since the early 1990s, Australia has used a community-based general practitioner (GP) model of prescribing, particularly within the state of Victoria, where over 85% of OST prescribing is undertaken by GPs in community settings. Yet the majority of GPs invited to complete the required OST training decline the offer, while of those who complete training, the majority prescribe to few or no patients. This study aimed to determine the reasons for this. Twenty-two in-depth interviews were conducted with Victorian GPs exploring the reasons why the majority declined training, and for trained GPs, why they prescribed to few or no patients in the first 12 months after training. General practitioners who declined to train were predominantly influenced by negative experiences with drug-seeking patients, although other secondary reasons also affected their decision. Some GPs who completed the training were prevented from prescribing by several structural and operational barriers, many of which could be addressed. Fear of deskilling with time became a further impediment. General practitioners who became regular prescribers were highly committed with lengthy general practice experience. Concerns exist about the recruitment process for OST prescriber training, where nearly all GPs decline the offer of training, and the barriers that prevent GPs prescribing after training. Action is needed to address barriers to GP OST training and prescribing, and further research is necessary to ascertain measures required to facilitate long-term prescribing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]