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Presents a paper on the implications for Australian monetary policy of innovations and institutional changes in the market for foreign exchange, as well as two papers commenting on that article. Innovation and change since 1983; Insulation and policy effectiveness; Exchange rate flexibility and shocks to the Australian economy; Monetary policy since the floating of the Australian dollar in 1983.

Presents a paper on bank monetary policy in Australia under deregulation, as well as two papers commenting on that article. Objectives of monetary policy; Operation of monetary policy; Efficacy of monetary policy post-deregulation.

Presents a paper on developments in Australian money and government securities markets since 1983, as well as two papers commenting on that article. Domestic market operations of the Reserve Bank of Australia; Commonwealth debt management; Developments in the short-term money market.

Presents a paper on bank capital adequacy requirements and Australian monetary policy, as well as two papers commenting on that article. Risk asset ratio approach; Capital structure bank value.

Presents a paper on Australia's monetary policy and the terms of trade (TOT), as well as two papers commenting on that article. TOT and the real economy; Conduct of monetary policy with variable TOT; Monetary base targeting; Problems with monetary base control; Other targeting schemes.

Presents a paper on implementing Australia's monetary policy in an era of budget surpluses, as well as two papers commenting on that article. Implications of budget surpluses for the stock of commonwealth government securities; Effects of Prime Assets Ratio; Investing the budget surplus; Monetary policy instruments; Alternative institutional arrangements; New Zealand experiment.

Presents a paper concerned with the structural analysis of Australia's monetary policy, as well as two papers commenting on that article. Criteria on which to judge a policy instrument; Changes in monetary policy over the 1980s; Tightening of monetary policy.

Presents a paper on the aspects of the operation of monetary policy in Australia, as well as two papers commenting on that article. Mechanics of the Reserve Bank of Australia's operating techniques; Conceptual issues and objectives which underlie the bank's operations.

This paper discusses trends in poverty in Australia over the last two decades, as indicated by changes in the number and composition of income units with incomes below the Henderson poverty line as well as by trends in the circumstances of the population in receipt of social security payments. This analysis suggests that there have been significant changes in the nature of poverty in Australia, which has increased among those of workforce age. Families with children have been particularly affected by these developments. The paper describes the development of policies designed to achieve the govemment's pledge that by 1990 no child need live in poverty. Despite the usefulness of the Henderson poverty line in identifying trends in economic vulnerability, the paper identifies a number of practical objections to using this indicator to assess the total effect of government initiatives. The paper concludes with a discussion of a broad approach to poverty alleviation, which would include income support, labour market and community services policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether a regulatory distinction between banks and other financial institutions, as proposed by the Campbell and Martin Reports, is an appropriate ingredient of financial regulation. Three specific issues relevant to the making of such a distinction are examined. They are entry to the payments mechanism, monetary control, and prudential regulation. In examining each of these three issues the roles of imperfect information and other financial market characteristics are stressed. The paper concludes that while a regulatory distinction between banks and others may be appropriate, the distinctions suggested by the Reports and associated regulatory frameworks are unwarranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the paper 'Elements of a Fiscal Politics: Public Choice and Public Finance,' by Geoffrey Brennan, published in the September 1984 issue of the 'Australian Economic Review.' Views on the paper's central theme; Additional inputs to the issues of taxation policy in Australia; Advantages and limitations of the study; Implications for fiscal policy-making.

The object of this paper is to indicate how public choice theory and orthodox normative tax theory may be integrated within a single coherent intellectual framework. Because public choice theory has quite different conceptual foundations from normative tax theory, this is no simple task. A purely positive fiscal theory, that derives tax arrangements as one aspect of the emergent political equilibrium, would leave no logical room for normative tax theory at all: the question as to what the tax system ‘ought to be’ becomes irrelevant, or at least inseparable from the broader question as to the appropriateness of general political institutions. However, if tax arrangements are viewed as part of the political institutional framework, normative tax theory can be admitted — but in a somewhat reformulated way. The paper aims to set out briefly the reformulations required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief account of some of the salient facts of Australia's recent economic experience, this paper reviews some explanations for the apparent failure of labour markets to clear in recession and then reviews some explanations for the fluctuations in the aggregate demand for labour. Next, some links between real wages and employment are examined. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for economic policy of the preceding analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between housing quality and energy disadvantage over the long run is a complex interaction of growing interest. This work navigates through conceptual definitions and datasets to highlight gaps in monitoring and evaluating energy disadvantage, particularly the role of housing in perpetuating or mitigating energy disadvantage. We find that in Australia there is no agreed‐upon definition or metrics for energy poverty or energy hardship, nor a panel or longitudinal housing stock energy efficiency dataset and discuss options for remediating this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review a body of literature that addresses the incomes of visual artists and their participation in the labour market. It is clear that the level and composition of visual artists' incomes varies widely, as does their engagement in different forms of employment. The lack of a consistent definition of an artist and a lack of consistency in income sources included in current data collection presents challenges for researchers. The focus of our research is on the economic status of visual artists in Australia, and we identify a number of considerations that might inform policy responses to their financial position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy poverty is a temporary condition, yet a non‐negligible share of the Australian population suffers persistent energy disadvantage. Using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, we observe that single individuals, single‐parent households and those with a disabled household member are at high risk of persistent energy poverty. This is also true for non‐working individuals and immigrants from non‐English‐speaking countries. Nevertheless, highly educated individuals, those living in metropolitan areas and homeowners are less likely to persistently experience energy poverty. Government investment in energy efficiency is crucial to reduce electricity bills and have healthier homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the challenges facing superannuation, the income replacement pillar of Australia's retirement income system, as it matures. We discuss four questions: In an era when households are making critical and complex choices that most have never previously confronted, how should policy-makers and private providers guide choices? How should superannuation be taxed? How should the drawdown phase be structured? And to what extent will the Superannuation Guarantee be able to meet the objective of providing retirement income to substitute or supplement the age pension? This article attempts to provide perspective on each of the issues and concludes with a statement of research need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports developments in the periodical "The Australian Economic Review." It says that in 2009 the periodical was included in the ISI citation reports. It notes that two tables are presented, one is concerning published articles in 2006-2009 and the other one were submissions in 2006-2009. It acknowledges several authors including Nellie Lentini, Jeff Borland, and Kevin Davis.

The article reports on the development regarding the readership in the March 2008 issue of the journal "The Australian Economic Review." It is stated that the Wiley-Blackwell will take over the duty of assistant editor Nellie Lentinni. Nills Olekalns has resigned as editor of the "For the Student" section and Jeff Borland will take the position. The journal has published Policy Forums covering topics such as industry dynamics, tax reform, education and skill mismatches in the labor market and climatic change.

The article presents policy forum, which focus on the issue of capital controls and exchange rates in Australia. Since the Asian currency crisis began in 1997 there has been renewed debate about the desirability of capital controls and other measures to reduce volatility in exchange rates and capital flows. Economist suggests that real exchange rates are essentially unpredictable in the short and medium run, but are predictable in the longer run. Inflation differences between countries predict nominal exchange rate movements at a horizon greater than three years, though not at shorter horizons. The empirical evidence suggests that the average rate of depreciation of the home currency over a period greater than three years will be around 5 per cent. However, rates of depreciation on a month-to-month or year-over-year basis will be unpredictable. The short to medium-run volatility in exchange rates was not expected when exchange rates began to be floated after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in 1971. The then prevailing models of exchange rate determination predicted some exchange rate overshooting, but the subsequent variability of exchange rates and their unpredictability were not expected.

The article focuses on the economic growth and employment in Australia. Topics discussed include a forecast in economy showing slow development of multi-factor productivity (MFP), maintaining full employment by investment contraction, and requirements for orderly adjustment (OA) like improving international competitiveness. Also it mentions fall in real wages, adjustments in internal prices to achieve OA and ways to deal with currency devaluation to improve productivity.

The article comments on the article "Infrastructure Spending and Unemployment: Government Responsibility for Growth and Jobs," by Peter Kenyon. The current rate of unemployment in Australia is excessively high. The Australian population would benefit greatly from government economic policies that reduce the rate of unemployment. Peter Kenyon argues in his paper for an increase in publicly funded infrastructure projects. Such a policy would be, in his view, the quickest and surest policy to deal with unemployment. In arguing for this policy, Kenyon observes that studies have shown that public sector infrastructure creates positive externalities for the private sector. Furthermore, Kenyon argues that, in Australia, productive infrastructure projects are there for the investing. This he infers from his view that the decline in Australia in public investment from 8 per cent of GDP in the 1960s to about 4.5 per cent of GDP now was caused by `the short-term policy of government budget deficit reduction' and not by fewer projects passing the test of cost-benefit analysis. Kenyon points out that this decline in public investment has not been accompanied by an offsetting increase in private sector investment. These arguments suggest that an increase in public investment would be productive.

The past decades have seen rapid changes in societal attitudes and policy surrounding members of the LGBTIQ community, however this community continues to experience adverse social and economic outcomes relative to their cisgendered heterosexual counterparts. Understanding the LGBTIQ data landscape is essential to promote scholarship in this space and highlight avenues for future data collection. Here I provide an overview of the 17 national data surveys in Australia that capture information on either sexual or gender diversity and are either repeated or longitudinal samples. For each dataset, I provide details on questions pertaining to sexual and gender diversity, indicative sample sizes and age ranges, scope of survey, and data custodians. Altogether, I find thatcollection of information on sexual and gender diverse (SGD) populations in Australia is poor and terminology varies widely. Only seven datasets capture information on both sexual and gender diversity and, of these, none are nationally representative, and only one is a longitudinal sample. Altogether, this review highlights the need for large‐scale, representative and longitudinal data capture of SGD populations in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first estimates of intergenerational wealth mobility for Australia. The rank correlation is 0.253, compared to 0.306 for the United States using comparable methods. This correlation varies greatly by child age when wealth is observed, from 0.1 before age 30, to 0.5 after age 40. This sharp increase with age is stronger than for other countries, is not explained by sample selection bias and is not specific to particular types of wealth. We also argue that neither income mobility nor wealth mobility, as operationalised in empirical work, align neatly with the wealth concept in the Becker & Tomes framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the benefits and costs of Australia's labour migration policies. While previous economics studies have demonstrated the efficiency‐related benefits of these policies, this article analyses the consequences for worker voice and equity, which employment relations scholars have identified as important labour market policy goals. We argue that the efficiency‐related benefits of labour migration policy reforms, particularly the expansion of temporary visa schemes, have been generated in part by barriers to temporary migrant workers' access to representation and social rights. This situation has contributed to an increase in the underpayment and mistreatment of temporary migrant workers by employers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the labour market for Uber drivers, the first detailed study of a gig economy market in Australia. Uber drivers' characteristics, reasons for driving with Uber, hours of work and driving schedules, earnings and job satisfaction are analysed, using both administrative and survey data. Uber drivers have diverse pathways to the job, with the objective to earn supplemental income most important in Australia. Total hours and timing of work differ substantially between drivers. Drivers express high satisfaction regarding job flexibility but lower satisfaction about pay. Hours worked and job satisfaction depend importantly on a driver's pathway to the job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing availability of large-N datasets on students, schools and student achievement has produced an explosion of research in education economics over the past 20 years. In this data survey, we first review the micro-level education datasets presently available around the world, focusing on their strengths and data access protocols, and we highlight samples of research by economists that have drawn upon them. We then discuss Australia' s forays into 'Big Data' in education, with our main objective a description and assessment of the national school data recently made available to researchers through the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although immigration debates in the popular press sometimes focus on the perceived negative aspects, immigrants may actually stimulate innovation, thereby promoting job creation and enhancing productivity. Although there is an emerging international literature on the impact of migration on innovation, Australian studies are limited. Given the importance of net immigration to Australian society, this is an oversight. In this article, recent developments in the international literature on the migration-innovation relationship are critically reviewed and their implications for the debate in Australia are considered. Moreover, some ideas on how to improve the evidence base for policy-making in Australia are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of the first three waves of data collection for Ten to Men: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health (TTM). TTM is Australia's first national and representative longitudinal study of men aged 10–55 years who resided in private dwellings at recruitment. Findings address knowledge gaps and build the evidence base on male health to inform policy and program development. This article provides an update on the study's progress; it details the study's broad methodology and provides a brief overview of the measures available, potential uses and how data can be accessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The downturn in Australia's labour market from 2008–2018 was reflected in dimensions other than unemployment. We use the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia data set to explore one key dimension—occupational choice. Using an occupational ranking (AUSEI06) based on earning potential and education level, we show young graduates (aged 20–35) found work in lower‐scored occupations after 2010. We examine potential heterogeneity of the occupational outcomes using Markov transitions between quartiles of the occupational distribution. We find the likelihood of transitioning to better quartiles worsened over the 2001–2018 period, suggesting poor initial outcomes can have long‐term effects on one's occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is foundational to economic growth. Despite this, the Australian empirical literature is limited. Therefore we examine the empirical determinants of Australia's inflow of FDI to understand the factors that motivate FDI. Using autoregressive distributed lag models, the study also highlights how these determinants change across time. While inward FDI can be explained by various theories it is most effectively understood by Dunning's Ownership, Locational and Internalisation framework. Therefore, the factors most important in Australia to attracting FDI are monetary policy, productivity, a competitive tax structure, labour market flexibility and costs of trade and investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A terms-of-trade shock boosted growth in income and living standards over the past decade. It also brought on Australia's productivity growth slump. Now that the terms of trade have peaked, re-invigorated productivity growth is needed to boost income and living standards. However, the economy is still going through the adjustments that have stifled productivity growth. Australians may not enjoy the same growth in prosperity as they have over the past two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian productivity growth has slowed since the mid-2000s, particularly compared with the period of strong growth in the late 1990s. This has partly been a global phenomenon. In commodity-exporting economies, rapid capital stock growth has coincided with declining growth of multifactor productivity. While productivity growth in Australia has been particularly weak in the mining and utilities industries, productivity growth has slowed in other industries. A number of potential explanations for the slowdown is considered. The article concludes with a discussion of trends in the terms of trade and the exchange rate and the implications of these for productivity growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented which discusses various papers published within the issue, including one on political influence as a major cause of wealth inequality in Australia, one on corporate influence in political decision-making and another on income inequality trends in Australia.

In the last 2 decades, there has been a remarkable proliferation of indices of well-being which assess and rank country performance according to a diverse range of environmental, political, health, social or economic measures. This growth is a clear sign of their political importance, popular appeal and operational relevance in decision-making. This article discusses questions about the validity and scope of summary indices of well-being, as well as explores the relevance of country rankings. Acknowledging that these measures are imperfect, but that they may be the best measures we have, this article discusses how these composite indicators can be improved and how policy-makers should be using them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of longitudinal surveys have been run in Australia since the 1990s. Recognising the increasing community demand for longitudinal data, the Australian Bureau of Statistics embarked on the creation of a longitudinal dataset, based on the Australian Census of Population and Housing. The key feature of this project is to link a 5 per cent sample of the 2006 Census to subsequent Censuses using a combination of variables available on the Census, thus forming a Statistical Longitudinal Census Dataset (SLCD). This article aims to provide the research community with an overview of the SLCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on state and territory employment and unemployment patterns in Australia. It mentions that recognizing the national indicators of macroeconomic performance might conceal the differences in local level which can cause regional economic disparities. Furthermore, it also discusses the available researches which are related to the behaviour of unemployment such as convergence of labour market indicators and the trends and cycles of unemployment.

The article explores policy options for increasing retirement savings in Australia. It notes that policy options which correct market failures or have macroeconomic benefits possess the strongest justification. It highlights the significance of soft compulsion schemes to increase superannuation contributions, reforms to the age pension to reduce disincentives to save, and financial literacy campaigns.

Over recent decades, Australia's highly progressive, individual-based taxation of families has been replaced by a system that tends towards joint taxation with an inverted U-shaped rate scale. The reform has been implemented by introducing family-income-targeted child payments (now Family Tax Benefit Part A) and by lowering tax rates on higher incomes. The new system has shifted the burden of taxation to two-earner families on low and average wages and, in particular, to working married mothers as second earners. For reasons of fairness and efficiency, we propose returning to more progressive individual taxation and universal family payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses factors that contributed to the rise in household debt, focusing on the ways that these factors have differed across countries in the lead up to the global financial crisis in Australia. It considers the implications of higher indebtedness for the potential for households to suffer financial distress or to rein in their expenditures. It examines developments leading up to the global financial crisis, focusing on the factors that could influence household vulnerability.

Australia's productivity has grown 1 percentage point per year slower in the current decade than in the 1990s. This article shows that almost one-half of the slowdown is related to unusual developments in the mining industry, the effects of drought and the overstatement of productivity growth in the 1990s. Part of the remainder might be as a result of a combination of slower technological change, unmeasured declines in labour quality, the diminishing effects of past reforms and the increasing profitability of Australian firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on a water shortage being faced in Australia and on governmental policies that have been enacted in an attempt to improve the country's water supply. Actions that have been taken by several organizations in an attempt to improve the country's water supply are discussed, including the Australian Conversation Foundation (ACF), the Business Council of Australia (BCA) and the National Water Commission (NWC).

The article discusses unemployment in Australia and uses the Phillips curve and the Beveridge curve to analyze Australian full employment. Details about the conditions in the labor market in Australia are provided. The relationship between inflation and unemployment rates in Australia is explored. The non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) and the natural unemployment rate are examined using the two curves. The effects of trade on Australian state labor markets and the relationship between state and national unemployment rates are also discussed.

The article discusses the different types of innovation data used by Australian economists. Details are provided about innovation data, which relates to the study of the best ways to produce the most desirable products and services. The importance of the use of this type of data by economists is described and the other types of data economists use are briefly discussed. The different types of innovation data available to innovation researches are explored, and include intellectual property data, survey data, and research and development (R&D) data.

Many studies find a negative effect of non-native English speaking instructors on students' performance in universities where the language of instruction is English. However, the negative effect observed in the existing literature is not found in the study by Fleisher, Hashimoto and Weinberg (2002) , which uses the sample of instructors who received training in the Ohio State University's PhD programme. In many economics departments in Australia, mainly because their PhD programmes are not large enough, it is unrealistic to have all the tutors trained in the methods recommended in Fleisher, Hashimoto and Weinberg (2002) . This gives rise to a potential negative impact of non-native English speaking tutors on students' performance. Nevertheless, by analysing the panel data drawn from first-year quantitative methods, microeconomics and macroeconomics courses in an Australian university, we find no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of small class teaching between native and non-native English speaking tutors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses overeducation and undereducation in Australia. Forty percent of Australian employees have either too many or insufficient skills for the jobs they hold. Undereducated persons earn more than those of the same education but in better-matched jobs, while overeducated persons earn less than their well-matched brethren. Overeducation plagues roughly fifty percent of university graduates and exists among all fields of study and job categories. Overeducation is particularly acute for new university graduates and immigrants.

The article introduces the Cross-National Equivalent File (CNEF) and the survey within it: the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). The panel data that was acquired through the HILDA survey is one of many that is used to understand and track the economic well being of a country, in this case Australia. In the article, the creation, details and release of the CNEF and HILDA data are discussed. The author makes it clear that Australia can now compete on the world stage with nations using similar surveys as frames of reference.

The article examines industrial innovation, and how it is at the core of the survival and transformation process since it is the way firms metamorphose in order to compete with rivals. If innovation is positively correlated with profitability, those firms that are not innovative are more likely to wither and die. The article discusses the role of government in interceding with firms that are at risk, and postulates that there are likely to be some firm deaths which are prospectively welfare-enhancing and some which are not. The article proposes that governments should be able to differentiate between the two and take appropriate action. The article examines corporate life cycles in Australia to determine the effect of the demise of low productivity firms on industrial evolution.

The article examines industrial productivity growth in Australia from the perspective of firm entry and exit. The article postulates that explanations of firm dynamics have focused on three themes. The first is economist Joseph Schumpeter's concept of "creative destruction," whereby entrants offering new technology compete with incumbents. If the entrants' innovations succeed, they replace the incumbents. The second is the concept of experimentation under uncertainty, where firms in an industry commit to different technologies, goods and production facilities. The third premise links firm dynamics with product life cycles. New marketplaces offer growth potential for a large number of players, but as the market becomes saturated, only those firms that create an economy of scale survive.

This article provides an overview of the input-output framework, international standard setting and the use of Australian input-output data in Australian and global frameworks. The evolution of Australia's input-output tables is then outlined with a view to identifying differences between tables. Some concerns, scope for improvement and future development are canvassed. The basis of an input-output system is the transactions table. This table explicitly includes all inputs to each productive activity and the disposition of output to intermediate users and final demand.