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Using human capital theory, rate of return from apprenticeships in the metal industry was estimated. Findings showed a sharp increase in apprentice wages in the 1960s-70s contributed to declining apprenticeship opportunities. Significant declines in wages since then suggest that apprentices and government now bear a higher proportion of training costs. (SK)

Despite rapid growth of educational enrollments in response to labor market demands for educated workers, there remains a shortage of full-time jobs and a gap between real wage growth and changing educational quality of the workforce. It is possible that a better educated workforce can make only limited contributions to economic growth or that higher educated workers are worth more than employers pay. (SK)