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To evaluate the impact of different momentum control variable (CV) schemes (CV5, the momentum control variable option with ψχ and CV7, the momentum control variable option with UV) on radar data assimilation (DA) in weather research and forecasting model data-assimilation (WRFDA) systems, a heavy snowfall in central and eastern regions of China, which started on 6 February 2022, was taken as a case in this study. The results of the wind-field increments from the single observation tests indicated that the wind-field increments had a larger range of influence when stream function and velocity potential (ψχ) were used as momentum control variables in CV5. Some spurious increments were also generated in the wind-field analysis, since CV5 tended to maintain the integrated value of the wind field. When U-wind and V-wind were used as control variables in CV7, the wind-field increments had a smaller impact range, and there was less dependence among different locations on the wind increments. For the heavy snow case, the CV7 schemes displayed some improvements in simulating the composite reflectivity compared to the other two experiments, since the composite reflectivity in the CV5 and control experiments were overestimated to some level. It was also found that the RMSEs were lower in the CV7 compared to those in the CV5 in the short-term forecasts during the data-assimilation cycles. Results also indicated that the CV7 had a more significant effect on the 6 h accumulated precipitation forecasts. Meanwhile, the experiment Exp_CV7 achieved the best ETS and FSS scores among the three groups of experiments, while Exp_CV5 appeared to be generally superior to the CTRL. In summary, the precipitation of Exp_CV7 yielded the rainfall intensity and location most close to the observation compared to those from both the CTRL and Exp_CV5 experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation forecasting is an immensely significant aspect of meteorological prediction. Accurate weather predictions facilitate services in sectors such as transportation, agriculture, and tourism. In recent years, deep learning-based radar echo extrapolation techniques have found effective applications in precipitation forecasting. However, the ability of existing methods to extract and characterize complex spatiotemporal features from radar echo images remains insufficient, resulting in suboptimal forecasting accuracy. This paper proposes a novel extrapolation algorithm based on a dual-branch encoder–decoder and spatiotemporal Gated Recurrent Unit. In this model, the dual-branch encoder–decoder structure independently encodes radar echo images in the temporal and spatial domains, thereby avoiding interference between spatiotemporal information. Additionally, we introduce a Multi-Scale Channel Attention Module (MSCAM) to learn global and local feature information from each encoder layer, thereby enhancing focus on radar image details. Furthermore, we propose a Spatiotemporal Attention Gated Recurrent Unit (STAGRU) that integrates attention mechanisms to handle temporal evolution and spatial relationships within radar data, enabling the extraction of spatiotemporal information from a broader receptive field. Experimental results demonstrate the model's ability to accurately predict morphological changes and motion trajectories of radar images on real radar datasets, exhibiting superior performance compared to existing models in terms of various evaluation metrics. This study effectively improves the accuracy of precipitation forecasting in radar echo images, provides technical support for the short-range forecasting of precipitation, and has good application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]