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Context. Accretion disks in AGN should be subject to the same type of instability as in cataclysmic variables (CVs) or in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), which leads to dwarf nova and soft X-ray transient outbursts. It has been suggested that this thermal/viscous instability can account for the long-term variability of AGNs.

We consider evolutionary models for the population of short-period (Porbh) low-mass black-hole binaries (LMBHBs) and compare them with observations of soft X-ray transients (SXTs). We show that assuming strongly reduced magnetic braking (as suggested by us before for low-mass semidetached binaries) the calculated masses and effective temperatures of secondaries are encouragingly close to the observed masses and effective temperatures (as inferred from their spectra) of donor stars in short-period LMBHBs. Theoretical mass-transfer rates in SXTs are consistent with the observed ones if one assumes that accretion discs in these systems are truncated (“leaky”). We find that the population of short-period SXTs is formed mainly by systems which had unevolved or slightly evolved main-sequence donors ($M_2 \lesssim 1.2~\mbox {$M_{\odot}$}$) with a hydrogen abundance in the center $X_{\rm c} \gtrsim 0.35$at the Roche-lobe overflow (RLOF). Longer period (Porbday) SXTs might descend from systems with initial donor masses of about 1 $M_{\odot}$and $X_{\rm c} \lesssim0.35$. Thus, one can explain the origin of short period LMBHB without invoking donors with cores almost totally depleted of hydrogen. Our models suggest that, unless the currently accepted empirical estimates of mass-loss rates by winds for massive O-stars and Wolf-Rayet stars are significantly over-evaluated, a very high efficiency of common-envelope ejection is necessary to form short-period LMBHBs.

Context.Since the Fine Guiding Sensor (FGS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was used to measure the distance to SS Cyg to be $166\pm12$pc, it became apparent that at this distance the disc instability model fails to explain the absolute magnitude during outburst. It remained, however, an open question whether the model or the distance have to be revised. Recent observations led to a revision of the system parameters of SS Cyg and seem to be consistent with a distance of $d\ga\,140$pc.

The study of outer disc radius variations in close binary systems is important for understanding the structure and evolution of accretion discs. These variations are predicted by models of both quasi-steady and time-dependent discs, and these predictions can be confronted with observations. We consider theoretical and observational consequences of such variations in cataclysmic variables and low-mass X-ray binaries. We find that the action of tidal torques, that determine the outer radius at which the disc is truncated, must be important also well inside the tidal radius. We conclude that it is doubtful that the tidal-thermal instability is responsible for the superoutburst/superhump phenomena in dwarf novae, and confirm that it cannot be the reason for the outbursts of soft X-ray transients. It is likely that tidal torques play a role during superoutbursts of very-low mass-ratio systems but they cannot be the main and only cause of superhumps.

Recent observations, reported by Warner and Woudt, of Dwarf Nova Oscillations (DNOs) exhibiting frequency drift, period doubling, and 1:2:3 harmonic structure, can be understood as disc oscillations that are excited by perturbations at the spin frequency of the white dwarf or of its equatorial layers. Similar quasi-periodic disc oscillations in black hole low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) transients in a 2:3 frequency ratio show no evidence of frequency drift and correspond to two separate modes of disc oscillation excited by an internal resonance. Just as no effects of general relativity play a role in white dwarf DNOs, no stellar surface or magnetic field effects need be invoked to explain the black hole QPOs.

We discuss the multi-wavelength predictions of the two models proposed for SU UMa stars, i.e. the enhanced mass transfer (EMT) and the tidal thermal instability (TTI) models. We focus on the systematic differences of the suggested scenarios before discussing the model predictions together with the observations of the best-studied SU UMa system, VW Hyi. We find that assuming the standard form of the viscosity parameter α, both models predict only outbursts being triggered at the inner edge of the accretion disc. In the TTI model the superoutbursts are triggered when the outer radiusof the disc reaches a certain value, i.e. the 3:1 resonance radius. In contrast, the EMT scenario predicts superoutbursts when the disc massexceeds a critical value. This causes the EMT model to be much more sensitive to mass transfer variations than the TTI model. In both models we find the predicted UV and EUV delays in agreement with the observations of VW Hyi for $\mbox{$\alpha_\mathrm{h}$}/\mbox{$\alpha_\mathrm{c}$}\la4$. In addition both models can generate precursor outbursts which are more pronounced at short wavelengths, in agreement with observations. Variations found in the observed light curve of single systems (e.g. VW Hyi) as well as the difference between ordinary SU UMa stars and ER UMa systems are a natural outcome of the EMT model while the TTI model fails to explain them.

Using XMM-Newton EPIC imaging data, we have detected 50 low-luminosity X-ray sources in the field of view of M 22, where $5\pm3$of these sources are likely to be related to the cluster. Using differential optical photometry, we have identified probable counterparts to those sources belonging to the cluster. Using X-ray spectroscopic and timing studies, supported by the optical colours, we propose that the most central X-ray sources in the cluster are cataclysmic variables, millisecond pulsars, active binaries and a blue straggler. We also identify a cluster of galaxies behind this globular cluster.

We show that the recently developed thermal model which successfully describes how jets are launched by young stellar objects, when applied to system containing disk-accreting white dwarfs naturally explain the otherwise surprising absence of jets in cataclysmic variable stars. Our main argument uses the crucial element of the thermal model, namely that the accreted material is strongly shocked due to large gradients of physical quantities in the boundary layer, and then cools on a time scale longer than its ejection time from the disk. In our scenario the magnetic fields are weak, and serve only to recollimate the outflow at large distances from the source, or to initiate the shock, but not as a jet-driving agent. Using two criteria in that model, for the shock formation and for the ejection of mass, we find the mass accretion rate above which jets could be blown from accretion disks around young stellar objects and white dwarfs. We find that these accretion mass rates are $\dot M ({\rm YSO}) \ga 10^{-7}~ M_\odot ~\rm{yr}^{-1}$and $\dot M ({\rm WD}) \ga 10^{-6}~ M_\odot ~\rm{yr}^{-1}$for young stellar objects and white dwarfs respectively. Considering the uncertainties of the model, these limits could overestimate the critical value by a factor of ∼10.

Using the disc instability model and a simple but physically reasonable model for the X-ray, extreme UV, UV and optical emission of dwarf novae we investigate the time lags observed between the rise to outburst at different wavelengths. We find that for “normal”, i.e. fast-rise outbursts, there is good agreement between the model and observations provided that the disc is truncated at a few white dwarf radii in quiescence, and that the viscosity parameter ais ~0.02 in quiescence and ~0.1 in outburst. In particular, the increased X-ray flux between the optical and EUV rise and at the end of an outburst, is a natural outcome of the model. We cannot explain, however, the EUV delay observed in anomalous outbursts because the disc instability model in its standard a-prescription form is unable to produce such outbursts. We also find that the UV delay is, contrary to common belief, slightly longer for inside-out than for outside-in outbursts, and that it is not a good indicator of the outburst type.

We show that the absence of outbursts during low states of VY Scl stars is easily explained if white dwarfs in these systems are weakly magnetized ($\mu\gtrsim 5\times 10^{30}$G cm3). However, some of the VY Scl stars are observed to have very slow declines to minimum and similarly slow rises to maximum. The absence of outbursts during such intermediate(as opposed to low) states, which last much longer than typical disc viscous times, can be explained only if accretion discs are absent when their temperatures would correspond to an unstable state. This requires magnetic fields stronger than those explaining outburst absence during low states, since white dwarfs in this sub-class of VY Scl stars should have magnetic moments $\mu\gtrsim 1.5\times 10^{33}$G cm3i.e. similar to those of Intermediate Polars. Since at maximum brightness several VY Scl stars are SW Sex stars, this conclusion is in agreement with recent claims about the magnetic nature of these systems.

We study the prospect of explaining the outbursts of Soft X-ray Transients (SXTs) by the thermal-viscous instability in a thin disc. This instability is linked to hydrogen ionization and is significantly changed when irradiation of the disc by X-rays from the inner regions is included. We present the first numerically reliable, physically consistent calculations of the outburst cycles which include the effects of accretion disc irradiation. The decay from outburst is governed by irradiation, as pointed out by King & Ritter (1998), leading to slow exponential decays. At the end of the outburst, the disc is severely depleted, which lengthens the time needed to rebuild mass to the critical density for an outburst. Despite this, the long recurrence times and quiescent X-ray luminosities of SXTs still require the inner disc to be replaced by another type of flow in quiescence, presumably a hot advection dominated accretion flow (ADAF). We include the effects of such truncation and show that the resulting lightcurves are conclusively similar to those of SXTs like A0620-00. We conclude that the two-αdisc instability model provides an adequate description of the outbursts of SXTs when both truncation and irradiation are included. The values for the viscosities in outburst and in quiescence are comparable to those used in CVs. We discuss the model in the context of present observations.

We show that the disc instability model can reproduce all the observed properties of Z Cam stars if the energy equation includes heating of the outer disc by the mass-transfer stream impact and by tidal torques and if the mass-transfer rate from the secondary varies by about $30\%$around the value critical for stability. In particular the magnitude difference between outburst maxima and standstills corresponds to observations, all outbursts are of the inside-out type and can be divided into two classes: long (wide) and short (narrow) outbursts, as observed. Mass transfer rate fluctuations should occur in other dwarf novae but one can exclude variations similar to those observed in magnetic systems (AM Her's and some DQ Her's) and some nova-like systems (VY Scl's), in which $\dot{M}$become very small during low states; these would produce mini-outbursts which, although detectable, have never been observed.

We show that if the dwarf-nova disc instability model includes the effects of heating by stream impact and tidal torque dissipation in the outer disc, the calculated properties of dwarf-nova outbursts change considerably, and several notorious deficiencies of this model are repaired. In particular: (1) outside-in outbursts occur for mass transfer rates lower than in the standard model as required by observations; (2) the presence of long (wide) and short (narrow) outbursts with similar peak luminosities is a natural property of the model. Mass-transfer fluctuations by factors ∼2 can explain the occurrence of both long and short outbursts above the cataclysmic variable period gap, whereas below 2 hr only short normal outbursts are expected (in addition to superoutbursts which are not dealt with in this article). With additional heating by the stream and tidal torques, such fluctuations can also explain the occurrence of both outside-in and inside-out outbursts in SS Cyg and similar systems. The occurrence of outside-in outbursts in short orbital-period, low mass-transfer-rate systems requires the disc to be much smaller than the tidal-truncation radius. In this case the recurrence time of both inside-out and outside-in outbursts have a similar dependence on the mass-transfer rate $\dot{M}_{2}$.

For thermonuclear flashes to occur on neutron-star surfaces, fuel must have been accreted from a donor star. However, sometimes flashes are seen from transient binary systems when they are thought to be in their quiescent phase, during which no accretion, or relatively little, is expected to occur. We investigate the accretion luminosity during several such flashes, including the first-ever and brightest detected flash from Cen?X-4 in 1969. We infer from observations and theory that immediately prior to these flashes the accretion rate must have been between about 0.001 and 0.01?times the equivalent of the Eddington limit, which is roughly 2?orders of magnitude less than the peak accretion rates seen in these transients during an X-ray outburst and 3?4?orders of magnitude more than the lowest measured values in quiescence. Furthermore, three such flashes, including the one from Cen?X-4, occurred within 2 to 7?days followed by an X-ray outburst. A long-term episode of enhanced, but low-level, accretion is predicted near the end of the quiescent phase by the disk-instability model, and may thus have provided the right conditions for these flashes to occur. We discuss the possibility of whether these flashes acted as triggers of the outbursts, signifying a dramatic increase in the accretion rate. Although it is difficult to rule out, we find it unlikely that the irradiance by these flashes is sufficient to change the state of the accretion disk in such a dramatic way.

Context. Stellar companions of accreting neutron stars in ultra compact X-ray binaries (UCXBs) are hydrogen-deficient. Their helium or C/O accretion discs are strongly X-ray irradiated. Both the chemical composition and irradiation determine the disc stability with respect to thermal and viscous perturbations. At shorter periods, UCXBs are persistent, whereas longer-period systems are mostly transient.Aims. To understand this behaviour one has to derive the stability criteria for X-ray irradiated hydrogen-poor accretion discs.Methods. We use a modified and updated version of the Dubus et?al. code describing time-dependent irradiated accretion discs around compact objects.Results. We obtained the relevant stability criteria and compared the results to observed properties of UCXBsConclusions. Although the general trend in the stability behaviour of UCXBs is consistent with the prediction of the disc instability model, in a few cases the inconsistency of theoretical predictions with the system observed properties is weak enough to be attributed to observational and/or theoretical uncertainties. Two systems might require the presence of some amount of hydrogen in the donor star.

Heyl (2000) made an interesting suggestion that the observed shifts in QPO frequency in type I X-ray bursts could be influenced by the same geometrical effect of strong gravity as the one that causes centrifugal force reversal discovered by Abramowicz & Lasota (1974). However, his main result contains a sign error. Here we derive the correct formula and conclude that constraints on the $M(R)$relation for neutron stars deduced from the rotational-modulation model of QPO frequency shifts are of no practical interest because the correct formula implies a weak condition $R_* > 1.3 R_{\rm S}$, where RSis the Schwarzschild radius. We also argue against the relevance of the rotational-modulation model to the observed frequency modulations.

We present results of a population synthesis study for semidetached short orbital period binaries which contain low-mass (?1.5M?) donors and massive (? 4M?) compact accretors, which in our model represent black holes. Evolution of these binaries is determined by nuclear evolution of the donors and/or orbital angular momentum loss due to magnetic braking by the stellar wind of the donors and gravitational wave radiation. According to our model the estimated total number of this type of black-hole binaries in the Galaxy is ? 10000. If the magnetic braking removing angular momentum in semidetached black-hole binaries is described by the Verbunt & Zwaan formula, the model predicts that among them around 3000?systems with periods >2?h would be transient. In addition one finds several hundreds of luminous and stable systems with periods between?3 and 8?h. Several dozens of these bright systems should be observed above the RXTE ASM sensitivity limit. The absence of such systems implies that upon Roche-lobe overflow by the low-mass donor angular momentum losses are reduced by a factor more than?2 with respect to the Verbunt & Zwaan prescription. In such a case short period black-hole soft X-ray transients (SXT) may have donors that overflow the Roche lobe in the core hydrogen-burning stage. We show that it is unlikely that the transient behaviour of black-hole short-period X-ray binaries is explained by the evolved nature of the stellar companion. On the other hand a substantial fraction of black-hole binaries with periods >3?h could be faint with truncated, stable cold accretion discs as proposed by Menou et al. Most of the semidetached black-hole binaries are expected to have periods shorter than ~2?h. Properties of such, still to be observed, very small mass-ratio (q=M2/M1 < 0.02) binaries are different from those of their longer period cousins.?

Recently, several ways of verifying the existence of black-hole horizons have been proposed. We show here that most of these suggestions are irrelevant to the problem of the horizon, at best they can rule out the presence of conventional baryonic matter in the outer layers of black-hole candidates. More generally, we argue that it is fundamentally impossible to detect in electromagnetic radiation direct evidence for the presence of a black-hole horizon. This applies also to future observations, which would trace very accurately the details of the space-time metric of a body suspected of being a black hole. Specific solutions of Einsteins's equations lack an event horizon, and yet are indistinguishable in their electromagnetic signature from Schwarzschild black holes.

We study the process of spinning up black holes by accretion from slim disks for a wide range of accretion rates. We show that for super-Eddington accretion rates and low values of the viscosity parameter α( ≲ 0.01) the limiting value of the dimensionless spin parameter a∗can reach values higher than a∗= 0.9978 inferred by Thorne in his seminal study. For Ṁ= 10   ṀEddand α= 0.01, spin equilibrium is reached at a∗= 0.9994. We show that the equilibrium spin value depends strongly on the assumed value of α. We also prove that for high accretion rates the impact of captured radiation on spin evolution is negligible.

We report on a scheme for incorporating vertical radiative energy transport into a fully relativistic, Kerr-metric model of optically thick, advective, transonic alpha disks. Our code couples the radial and vertical equations of the accretion disk. The flux was computed in the diffusion approximation, and convection is included in the mixing-length approximation. We present the detailed structure of this “two-dimensional” slim-disk model for α= 0.01. We then calculated the emergent spectra integrated over the disk surface. The values of surface density, radial velocity, and the photospheric height for these models differ by 20%–30% from those obtained in the polytropic, height-averaged slim disk model considered previously. However, the emission profiles and the resulting spectra are quite similar for both types of models. The effective optical depth of the slim disk becomes lower than unity for high values of the alpha parameter and for high accretion rates.