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Purpose: The present study investigated the potential use of Fagopyrum esculentum (F. esculentum) honey as a functional skin cosmetic by examining its antioxidant and antiaging effects on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs).Methods: Total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of F. esculentum honey were analyzed. HDF cell viability was examined after treatment with F. esculentum honey and expression of genes encoding collagen and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis.Results: Analysis of antioxidant activity showed that total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of F. esculentum honey increased in a dose-dependent manner. qRT-PCR analysis revealed an increase in mRNA expression of the collagen-producing genes, collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) and collagen type III alpha 1 chain (COL3A1), whereas MMP1 and MMP3 expression decreased in HDFs treated with F. esculentum honey. Furthermore, F. esculentum honey protected HDFs from ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-induced cytotoxicity and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Expression of COL1A1 and COL3A1, which was reduced by UV irradiation, was restored in a dose-dependent manner, whereas expression of MMP1 and MMP3, which was increased by UV irradiation, was reduced in a dose-dependent manner in HDFs pretreated with F. esculentum honey.Conclusion: These findings indicate that F. esculentum honey is a natural antioxidant that is enriched in phenols and flavonoids and has the potential to act as an antiaging cosmetic ingredient due to its protective effects on UV irradiation-damaged skin cells.

Purpose: In this study, the effect on skin elasticity of a cream containing three-dimensional human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (3D ADMSC-CM) was examined.Methods: The clinical efficacy of the cream was evaluated by examining the skin for skin lifting, elasticity, and resilience after examining the cell proliferative capacity, expression levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in 3D ADMSC-CM, and collagen expression in skin cells due to the 3D ADMSC-CM cream.Results: Skin cell viability was well maintained, with no cytotoxicity from the 3D ADMSC-CM. The amount of EGF and VEGF contained in the 3D ADMSC-CM was 2.692 pg/mL and 27.89 pg/mL, respectively. In addition, skin cells treated with the 3D ADMSC-CM cream experienced a collagen expression increase of 183%. In clinical evaluation of the 3D ADMSC-CM cream, skin lifting and skin elasticity improvement showed significant effects at both two and four weeks. After the 3D ADMSC-CM cream was used, the improved skin elasticity and resilience was analyzed by variables, and an improvement was observed in both after two and four weeks of use.Conclusion: A cream containing 3D ADMSC-CM derived from a 3D culture environment, similar to that of an in vivo environment, is highly effective in enhancing skin elasticity, and 3D ADMSC-CM is expected to lead the field of cosmeceuticals.

Purpose: In this study, we surveyed 1,325 women ranging in age from 10s to 40s and living in Yunnan province, China to examine their awareness regarding the harmfulness of ultraviolet (UV) rays, and their usage and preference of sunscreen.Methods: Questionnaires composed of a total of 22 questions were distributed using the online survey service Wenjuanxing. The data collected were analyzed through frequency analysis and crossover analysis using a statistics program.Results: Awareness that UV rays are harmful to the skin was present in 99.2% of the subjects. All age groups perceived the harmfulness of UV rays due to the same reasons, which were pigmentation, promotion of premature skin aging, and sunburn. Similarly, all age groups perceived that UV rays are harmful throughout the year.Conclusion: Awareness of the effects of UV rays helps Korean cosmetics companies to market and design sales strategies for sunscreen products in the southern region of China. This survey provided data specific to Yunnan regarding women's preferences, thereby facilitating comparative analysis with other regions in China.

Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of the mixed essential oils containing sweet orange, lavender, and amyris (MEO) on human electroencephalogram (EEG) activity.Methods: EEG activity was recorded by examining the sequence of brain waves of 20 adults, aged from 20 to 30, before and during inhaling the mixed essential oils.Results: MEO showed activity centered on the frontal lobe, which is responsible for higher-order functions against external stimuli, and this result indicated that the oils acted as an intellectual effect. Additional experiments showed that the brain was relaxed and stabilized through a decrease in the absolute slow alpha (ASA) and the relative slow alpha (RSA), a decrease in the absolute beta (AB) and the absolute high beta (AHB), and an increase in the spectral edge frequency 50% of alpha (ASEF), respectively. Also, the oils induced the awakening states of the brain with a decrease in the absolute alpha (AA) and the absolute theta (AT), and increase of the spectral edge frequency 50% (SEF50). Furthermore, it was possible to confirm the state of brain immersion through the increase in the absolute fast alpha (AFA), relative fast alpha (RFA), relative mid beta (RMB), ratio of mid beta to theta (RMT), ratio of SMR to theta (RSMT), relative gamma (RG) and the spectral edge frequency 90% (SEF90).Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that the inhaling of MEO affect the brain to be a good condition and improves its concentration ability.

Purpose: This study examines the effect of changes in the daily lives of cosmetic consumers resulting from COVID-19 on behavioral intention according to consumption value and analyzes the relationship among consumption value, purchase satisfaction, and repurchase intention of cosmetic consumers.Methods: In this study, a collected questionnaire was statistically processed to verify the established hypothesis, and through the data coding process, empirical analysis was performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) 22.0 program and Amos 21.0.Results: As a result of examining the effect of cosmetic shopping value on satisfaction and expected regret, based on the independent variable, rare consumption value (CR=5.199), hedonistic consumption value (CR=6.974), and functional consumption value (CR=4.214) on satisfaction, ethical consumption value (CR=15.628) and functional consumption value (CR=2.798) were found to affect the expected regret (p

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the impact of online cosmetics information, brand trust, and continuous purchasing behavior through in-depth research between brands, including purchase intentions and changes in perception of online shopping for cosmetics brands.Methods: A total of 1,300 surveys were distributed online in the last six months, excluding unfaithful respondents and missing values, and statistical processing was conducted using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 22.0 and Amos 21.0.Results: This study analyzed the relationship between eight variables of reliability, positive emotion, negative emotion, purchase credibility, purchase intent, brand attitude, brand information, and information credibility. The results indicated that the higher the positive emotion, the higher the brand information, purchase intention, information reliability, purchase reliability, and brand attitude. Findings also suggested that the higher the negative emotion, the lower the intention of purchase, information reliability, purchase reliability, and brand attitude. The most influential factor of negative emotion was information reliability. The results of the reliability analysis demonstrated that higher reliability increased brand information, purchase intention, information reliability, purchase reliability, and brand attitude; reliability had the greatest impact on information reliability.Conclusion: When providing online cosmetics brand information, marketers need to strategize regarding brand advertising considering the online and mobile environment and user characteristics, actively proposing and managing contents and advertising that can effectively deliver the main ingredients and effects of non-advertising brand products and continuously provide objective and reliable cosmetics brand information.

Purpose: In this study, a human application test was performed to verify the skin improvement effect of Hippophae rhamnoides (H. rhamnoides ) fruit oil and hot-water extracts to improve wrinkles around the eyes, facial cheek lifting, skin elasticity, skin density, skin tone, spots and pigmentation as ingredients for cosmetics. To meet this purpose, this study has focused on the development and commercialization of new natural ingredients. Methods: This study conducted a human application test to verify the skin improvement effect of H. rhamnoides fruit oil and hot-water extracts in 20 adult women aged 30-60 years old. By applying ANTERA 3D, we evaluated wrinkles around the eyes, improved facial cheek lifting, and spots and pigmentation, evaluated skin elasticity improvement using a Ballistometer, and evaluated skin density improvement by applying DUB® SkinScanner. The skin tone improvement was evaluated by applying a photometer and an anterior eye imaging system. Results: After 3 and 6 weeks of treatment, the rates of improvement at the areas where the test material was applied were respectively 6.75% and 12.86% at the wrinkles around the eyes, 31.15% and 44.63% for facial cheek lifting, 2.46% and 4.28% for skin elasticity, 6.12% and 9.63% for skin density, 1.12% and 1.63% for skin tone, and 1.60% and 2.46% for spots and pigmentation. Conclusion: As a result, the effects of H. rhamnoides fruit oil and hot-water extracts for reducing skin wrinkles, blemishes, and pigmentation, and improving facial cheek lifting, skin elasticity, density, and skin tone were verified. We believe that H. rhamnoides fruit oil and hot-water extracts can be used as a new skin anti-aging cosmetic ingredient.

Purpose: In this study, we tried to reveal the levels of the perception and clinical characteristics of facial skin aging among adult Korean women according to age. Methods: Using literature reviews, we determined the different levels of each facial skin aging sign is related to the chronological age of individuals, and developed the multiple-choice chart based on the four different levels; low, medium, high and very high. Forthy Korean participants were asked to describe their perceived levels of the aged signs using the chart. Also, clinical study was conducted to investigate the changes of the aged signs according to age-group among the participants. Results: We found that age-related structural changes on a human face were shown on the ten different regions, including wrinkles in the outer corner and bottom of eyes, wrinkles between the eyebrows, nasolabial lines, pigmentation and skin texture on cheeks, lip lines, sagging on a double chin, pore sizes on the nose, dark circles under the eyes. The survey results showed that the aged levels of all 10 categories were described to be increased as participant-age increases. To verify the results, we clinically tested whether the facial skin aging signs have a tendency to increase with the chronological age using an ANTERA-3D device, and found that the aged levels of the signs were specifically increased with the chronological age. Conclusion: Therefore, our results suggested that the perceived and clinical levels on the 10 regions of facial skin aging were relate to the chronological age.

목적: Coptis chinensis 추출물은 강력한 항균, 항염증, 항암, 지혈, 혈압강하 등의 약리작용을 가져 주로 중국의 전통 약재로써 많 이 사용되어 왔다. 하지만 Coptis chinensis 추출물에 대한 항노화 작용에 대해서는 아직 정확하게 알려진 것이 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Coptis chinensis 추출물의 matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP1) 발현 조절에 대한 분자세포학적 기전을 밝히고 나아 가 새로운 항노화 화장품 원료로써의 가능성을 밝히고자 한다. 방법: Coptis chinensis 추출물의 산화적 스트레스에 의해 증가 된 MMP1 발현 억제 효능을 평가하기 위해 인간진피섬유아세포를 사용하였다. 먼저, 추출물에 대한 세포독성평가를 위해 watersoluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay방법으로 세포생존율에 영향을 미치지 않는 농도를 선별하였다. H2O2 (200 μM)가 처리된 인간진피섬유아세포에 Coptis chinensis 추출물을 선별된 농도로 처리한 후 MMP1 mRNA의 발현 변화를 quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)로 분석하였다. 또한 luciferase reporter assay을 통해 추출물에 의한 MMP1 mRNA의 발 현 변화가 AP-1 전사 활성과 관련되어 있는지 분석하였다. 마지막으로 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 단백질 활성을 평가하 기 위해 JNK와 phospho-JNK의 단백질 발현을 western blot 분석방법을 통해 확인하였다. 결과: Coptis chinensis 추출물의 인간 진피섬유아세포에 대한 세포독성은 5 μg/mL 이하 농도에서 관찰되지 않았다. 세포독성이 관찰되지 않은 농도의 Coptis chinensis 추출물은 인간진피섬유아세포에서 산화적 스트레스에 의해 증가된 MMP1 mRNA의 발현을 억제함을 확인하였다. 이러한 Coptis chinensis 추출물의 효과는 산화적 스트레스에 의해 증가된 JNK/AP-1 Axis 신호 기전을 억제시킴으로써 MMP1의 발현을 조절함 을 밝혔다. 본 연구결과는 Coptis chinensis 추출물은 JAK/AP-1 Axis 신호 기전을 통해 MMP1의 발현을 조절한다는 것을 보여준 다. 결론: 본 논문의 연구결과는 Coptis chinensis 추출물의 외인성 노화와 내인성 노화에 따른 노화에 대한 항산화 및 항노화 효과 를 보여주면서 새로운 기능성 화장품 소재로써의 이용 가능성을 제시한다.

목적: 본 연구는 인간피부유사모델(human skin equivalent model, HSEM)을 사용하여 멜라닌 합성저해제로 알려진 PF3758309 의 피부 자극성을 동물대체시험법의 일환으로 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 인체피부유사체는 콜라겐으로 코팅된 matrix insert 위 에 인간에서 분리한 각질세포(human epidermal keratinocyte, HEK)를 성장 배지와 함께 배양시켜 제작하였다. 제작된 인간피부 유사모델을 사용하여 PF3758309의 피부 자극성(irritation)에 대해서 평가하고자, 해당 물질을 HSEM의 각질 표면 위에 처리한 후 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)를 통하여 세포생존율을 측정하였다. 세포생존율이 50% 이하일 경우 자극성이 존재하며, 50% 이상일 경우 비자극성으로 판단할 수 있다. 또한, HSEM을 이용하여 PF3758309의 피부 부 식성(corrosion) 및 멜라닌 합성 저해능을 검증하였다. 결과: 제작된 HSEM의 integrity는 epidermal differentiation markers인 Keratin 5, Keratin 1, Involucrin의 발현을 면역조직화학염색법으로 검증하였다. HSEM에 PF3758309를 15 min 동안 처리 후, in vitro irritation assay를 진행한 결과, PF3758309의 처리 농도가 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mg 일 때, 세포생존율은 각각 83.6%, 78.8%, 77.8% 로 나타났으며, 양성대조군인 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate을 처리시 세포생존율 2.8%를 나타내었다. 또한, in vitro corrosion assay 를 진행한 결과, PF3758309의 처리 농도가 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mg 일 때, 세포생존율은 각각 95.3%, 95.0%, 94.2%로 나타났다. 뿐만 아 니라, Fontana-Masson 염색법을 활용하여 PF3758309가 처리된 HSEM의 멜라닌 수준은 대조군 대비 현저하게 감소됨을 보였다. 결론: 멜라닌 합성 저해제로 알려진 PF3758309는 피부자극성이 없음을 본 실험을 통해 나타내었다.

목적: 본 연구는 항산화 및 항주름 효과검증을 통해 amentoflavone의 노화예방 화장품 소재로서의 발전가능 성을 확인하는데 그 목적이 있다. 방법: amentoflavone의 항산화 및 항주름 효과를 확인하기 위해 in vitro antioxidant assays, quantitative real-time PCR, SA-β-galactosidase assay, DCF-DA assay를 수행하였다. 결과: amentoflavone은 0.2 mM의 H2O2 처리 시, 15 μM농도까지 농도 의존적으로 세포 생존율을 증가시켰으 며, 양성 대조군인 BHT와 유사한 항산화 효과를 나타냈다. 유전자 수준에서 대표적 항산화 효소인 SOD1 mRNA와 CAT mRNA의 발현을 농도 의존적으로 증가시켰다. 콜라겐 분해와 관련된 MMP1 mRNA와 MMP3 mRNA의 발현은 농도 의존적으로 감소시켰으나 콜라겐 합성과 관련된 COL1A1은 농도 의존적으로 증가시켰 다. 또한 0.2 mM의 H2O2 에 의해 유발된 진피섬유아세포의 노화를 농도 의존적으로 감소시키는 것으로 나타 났다. 결론: 이상의 결과들을 통해, amentoflavone이 농도 의존적으로 H2O2 에 의해 손상된 인간진피섬유아세포에 대한 항산화, 항주름 효과가 있음이 확인되었다. 그러므로 amentoflavone은 노화예방 효능을 가진 천연유래 화장품 원료로서 활용가능하리라고 사료된다.