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The article focuses on a study which assessed programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor expression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with relatives and unrelated healthy controls and identified the correlations of lower expression levels of PD-1 receptor with the PD-1.3A genotype. The researchers stimulated the peripheral blood mononuclear cells with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and analyzed PD-1 expression by flow cytometry. Study findings demonstrated significantly lower PD-1 receptor expression in SLE patients.

The article discusses a study on the involvement of specific evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on the genetic substructure in European-derived populations. The study was participated by SLE patients of European ancestry who were genotyped for ancestry informative markers that are greater than 1,400. Accordingly, every SLE patient was characterized using the Structure program. The results conclude that Northern and Southern Ancestries have different evidences of SLE.

The article presents a study on the expression and function of programmed death 1 (PD-1) gene in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Result of the study shows that SLE patients depicts deviant expression and function of PD1 assigned to both direct and indirect effects. It further reveals that the expression of PD-1 and its ligand, PDL-1, in renal tissue and during autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions (AMLR) proposes a substantial part in regulating peripheral T cell tolerance.

The article discusses a study on autoimmune diseases and autoantibodies in families with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Iceland. The association of SLE susceptibility factors and low levels of mannan-binding lectin with autoimmune disease is also determined. The results indicate a high frequency of autoimmune diseases and autoantibodies in SLE families.

The article focuses on a study which defined the genetic and environmental factors contributing to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) among the Gullah population in the Sea Islands of South Carolina. The study compared the disease characteristics and serologic profiles of the Gullah population with two other cohorts of African Americans with SLE. It found that SLE severity in the Gullah population is similar to African Americans. It also found that skin and familial diseases are more prevalent in the Gullah population.

An image of saddlenose deformity caused by destructive granulomatous inflammation in Wegener's granulomatosis is presented.