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This research evaluated the effect of milking on the physical exam of the mammary gland (MG) and milk examination in Saanen goats. Six properties were selected, four farms were used after evaluation of criteria selection and distributed in two groups according to the milking method: manual or mechanical. The physical examination of MG was performed using the techniques of inspection and palpation, in addition to the examination of the milk by strip cup, California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count, and bacteriological exam. It was possible to detect an association between the milking method with the most of physical exam of the MG: inspection of the MG (p = 0.001), inspection of the teat (p = 0.002), palpation of the MG (p = 0.054) and palpation of the teat (p = 0.036). The machine milking had an association with the reduction of the volume of MG (OR = 6.00), reduction of the teat size (OR = 16.19), and firm consistency of mammary parenchyma (OR = 2.39). The use of machine milking represented a less risk for an increase of the volume of the MG volume (OR = 0.288) and the presence of cisternitis (OR = 0.490). The association between the SCC and the type of milking was also detected (p = 0.002). Machine milking was associated with changesin the physical exam of MG and milk examination compatible with traumatic lesions. This information indicates inappropriate use of milking equipment in the dairy goat’s properties.

RESUMO: O periparto caracteriza-se por mudanças imunes e fisiológicas na glândula mamária das fêmeas bovinas, tornando-as mais susceptiveis às mastites. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a fagocitose da bactéria Escherichia coli pelos fagócitos do sangue e do colostro de vacas hígidas da raça Holandesa. Amostras provenientes de 22 fêmeas, entre novilhas e vacas, foram obtidas durante a primeira ordenha pós-parto, para avaliação da fagocitose, em lamínula de vidro, após estímulo com E. coli. A proporção de fagócitos espraiados do sangue foi maior quando as células foram estimuladas com bactérias (p=0,003), no entanto a taxa de fagocitose foi baixa e semelhante à observada quando as células não foram estimuladas (p=0,299). No colostro, foram constatados maiores índices de fagocitose (p=0,001) e espraiamento (p=0,000) quando os fagócitos foram estimulados com E. coli. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos para o sangue e o colostro, verificou-se, no sangue, maior proporção de fagócitos não espraiados e que não apresentavam bactérias no seu interior, estimulados (p=0,000) ou não (p=0,002) com bactéria. Houve maior taxa de espraiamento nos fagócitos do colostro quando estimulados com E. coli (p=0,002). Não se viu diferença nos percentuais de fagocitose entre as amostras de sangue e colostro incubadas (p=0,478) ou não (p=0,071) com bactérias. Os resultados permitiram concluir que E. coli influenciou no espraiamento dos fagócitos do sangue e do colostro de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa no período do pós-parto imediato e auxiliarão na compreensão dos mecanismos imunológicos ocorridos nesse período, considerado o de maior susceptibilidade das fêmeas bovinas às infecções. ABSTRACT: The peripartum is characterized by immune and physiological changes in the mammary glands of cows, making them more susceptive to mastitis. This work aimed to evaluate the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by phagocytes from blood and colostrum from healthy Holstein cows. Samples from 22 female, heifers and cows, were obtained during the first postpartum milking for evaluation of phagocytosis in glass cover slip, after stimulation with E. coli. The proportion of spreading blood phagocytes was higher when cells were stimulated with bacteria (p=0.003). However, the phagocytosis rate was low and similar to that observed when blood cells were unstimulated (p=0.299). Colostrum showed higher rates of spreading (p=0.000) and phagocytosis (p=0.001) when phagocytes were stimulated with E. coli. Comparing the results obtained for blood and colostrum, a higher proportion of not spreading phagocytes without bacteria inside, when stimulated (p=0.000) or not (p=0.002) with bacteria, was observed in blood. There was a higher spreading rate in colostrum when phagocytes were stimulated with E. coli (p=0.002). There was no difference in the percentage of phagocytosis in blood or colostrum samples incubated (p=0.478) or not (p=0.071) with bacteria. The results showed that E. coli influenced the activity of blood and colostrum phagocytes from Holstein cows in the immediate postpartum period, and will assist in the understanding of the immunological mechanisms that occurs in this period, considered as the most susceptible to infections in cows.

RESUMO: Este trabalho avaliou a influência da infecção bacteriana da glândula mamária (GM) sobre a transferência de imunidade passiva (TIP) em bezerros recém-nascidos. Vacas holandesas (n=13) foram observadas no momento da parição e ordenhadas para a obtenção de forma asséptica das amostras de colostro (n=52) para os testes microbiológicos. Os recém-nascidos receberam 6 litros de colostro de uma ordenha nas primeiras 12 horas de vida, proveniente de suas respectivas mães. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes (D0) e após (D2) o manejo do colostro. A TIP foi avaliada por meio de testes bioquímicos, eletroforese e leucograma. Os bezerros foram distribuídos conforme a ausência (IB-) ou presença (IB+) de infecção mamária em pelo menos uma GM de suas respectivas mães. Todas as amostras de colostro (n=52) foram negativas ao cultivo fúngico. Das 13 fêmeas, 8 (61%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano em ≥1 quartos mamários. Considerando-se os quartos mamários, foi obtido isolamento bacteriano em 21,15% (11/52), observando-se predomínio de espécies bacterianas do grupo Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os parâmetros de acordo com os grupos experimentais. Em relação aos momentos, foi possível verificar aumento nos valores de proteína total, globulinas, atividade sérica da gama glutamiltransferase e frações eletroforéticas beta e gamaglobulina após a ingestão do colostro materno. A mastite subclínica não influencia a transferência de imunidade passiva em bezerros recém-nascidos da raça holandesa, avaliados por teste bioquímicos, eletroforese e leucograma. ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the influence of intramammary infection under the passive immunity transfer in newborn calves. Holstein cows (n=13) were monitored at delivery, and milked to obtain sterile colostrum samples (n=52) for microbiological examination. The newborn calves received 6 liters of colostrum from their dams up to 12 hours after birth. Blood samples were harvested before (D0) and after (D2) colostrum feeding. The passive immune transfer was evaluated by biochemical tests, electrophoresis and leukogram. Calves were distributed according to absence (IB-) or presence (IB+) of mammary gland infection in one or more quarters. All colostrum samples (n=52) were negative for fungal culture. Eight dams (8; 61%) had bacterial growth in one or more mammary quarter. In relation to mammary gland unit, bacterial growth was observed in 21.15% (11/52) of the colostrum samples, with predominance of coagulase negative staphylococcal infections. Statistical differences were not found among variables according to the groups. According to the experimental moments, the evaluated parameters (total protein, albumin, globulins, GGT and beta and alpha electrophoretic) increased after colostrum intake. Subclinical mastitis did not influence the passive immune transfer in Holstein calves evaluated by biochemical tests, electrophoresis or leukogram.