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Teratomas are one of the most common tumors diagnosed in fetuses and newborns. In this age group, extragonadal teratomas predominate, among which the mediastinum ones accounts for up to 15% of teratomas of the perinatal period. They may be associated with the thymus or thyroid gland; in some cases a clear connection with adjacent organs cannot be identified. Teratomas of the heart, also localized in the mediastinum, are often considered separately from the mediastinal ones; most often the tumor affects the pericardium. The article describes two cases of mediastinal teratomas detected by ultrasound in the second trimester of pregnancy, with signs of rapid growth and compression symptoms typical for this localization of the tumor - hydropericardium and other manifestations of non-immune fetal hydrops. In both cases, immature teratomas (grade 2 and 3) were diagnosed with a predominance of immature neuroectodermal tissue, as well as with the presence of endoderm derivatives, including areas of the hepatoid structure, microglandular structures and cysts lined with mucus-forming epithelium. The mesodermal component was represented by hyaline cartilage. An immunohistochemical study revealed an extremely high proliferative activity in the immature neuroectodermal component - more than 90% of positive nuclei were detected in the neuroepithelium upon reaction with Ki67 antibodies. In all other tissue elements, proliferative activity was low.

The paper describes a case of a perinatal lethal Gaucher disease in a 29-week-old fetus with non-immune hydrops, facial dysmorphia, hepatosplenomegaly, and hypoplasia of cerebellum and pons. Gaucher cells were found in the lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, thymus, cerebellum, and bone marrow. No storage cells have been detected in the placenta. There was a significant placental weight increase due to swelling. The diagnosis of Gaucher disease was confirmed by biochemical analysis (deficiency of glucocerebrosidase activity and sharply increased hexanoylsphingosine concentration) and molecular genetic techniques (the presence of two mutations of the GBA gene). Our observation shows that characteristic histologic signs of disease can be detected at early stages of development.

The molecular biological features of the eutopic and ectopic endometrium were studied in 46 patients with adenomyosis, 44 with endometrioid cysts in the ovaries, and 34 with disseminated mixed forms of genital endometriosis. Reproductive-aged patients with the eutopic endometrium in a proliferation phase with hyperplastic or inflammatory changes were selected. Ten samples of the endometrium in a phase proliferation, which had been obtained at medicolegal autopsy of women without reproductive disorders, were studied as a control group. Both the glandular and stromal components of the ectopic and eutopic endometrium in different forms of endometriosis were shown to differ from the intact endometrium in their molecular biological features (the expression of Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 10, matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor, the enzyme cytochrome P450 aromatase.