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The expansion of the biodiesel industry has created opportunities for crude glycerol use in beef cattle diets. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of substituting sorghum grain with crude glycerol on dry matter intake (DMI), weight gain and feed intake pattern of 28 non-castrated Nelore males with initial body weight (BW) of 441 ± 40.2 kg and 21.5 ± 0.5 months of age housed in individual or collective pens. The experiment lasted 98 days (June 29 through October 5, 2015), with a 14 day-period of adaptation and 84 days for data collection. Crude glycerol was included at 15% of the ration dry matter as a replacement for sorghum grain. Orts were collected and weighed daily, and DMI was calculated by difference between feed offered and feed refused. Feed intake pattern was determined every two weeks after the beginning of the study in three intervals relative to feed delivery (0-4, 4-10, and 10-24 hours post-feeding). Animals' BW was obtained on days 1, 13, 27, 41, 55, 69, and 83 days of the trial after a 12-hour solid fasting. Crude glycerol did not alter (P>0.05) DMI, weight gain, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage compared with the control diet. A treatment × days of experiment response (P<0.05) occurred due to a decreased DMI in animals fed crude glycerol during the first 14 days of the trial. Crude glycerol-fed animals decreased (P<0.05) the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake pattern in individual and collective pens. Crude glycerol can be recommended at 15% of the total DM ration as a sorghum grain replacement in diets fed to Nelore animals finished in feedlot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct determination of beef cattle production costs remains a relatively confusing subject and is therefore difficult for producers to apply. In the present study, a bioeconomic simulation model, which describes various livestock production systems, was used to determine profitability, and to emphasize the impact of maintenance activities and pasture recovery. Eight productive systems were evaluated in the Cerrado region; a standard system, named as Modal, and seven Improved systems, named 1 to 7, using different techniques and activities such as pasture management, nutritional management, reproduction, and health. In all simulated scenarios, the size of the property was uniform (1500 hectares), whereby 20% of the area was set aside for environmental reserves. The profitability of the simulated scenarios was R$ 41 997 for Modal, R$ 389,924 for Improved 1, R$ 395 427 for Improved 2, R$ 341,509 for Improved 3, R$ 454,198 for Improved 4, R$ 433 390 for Improved 5, R$ 47 221 Improved 6 and R$ 348 587 Improved 7. The results indicate that with an increase in the level of adoption of technologies in the property, productions costs also increased; however, it also led to a considerable increase in revenues, leading to an improvement in the use of technological resources. The use of activities linked to pastures had a positive impact, enabling greater profitability and increasing the production costs, as seen in Improved scenarios 4 and 5, with an expenditure of R$ 0.21 and R$ 0.27 on pasture for head/day paid. Expenditure on pastures is suggested to be viable for producers as it improves productivity and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This simulation was develop aiming to estimate the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) in different production systems, as well as the uptake by the pasture areas. Four hypothetical scenarios for beef cattle breeding systems were developed. The first system occurred in areas of degraded pastures, with production rates similar to Brazilian average (SMB), the second occurred in areas of well-managed pastures (SMP), the third occurred in a life-cycle raising systems, in which the first part of the raising took place in areas of well-managed pastures and the termination part was in feedlot (SMC), and the forth occurred in areas of well-managed pastures with protein and energy supplementation (SIP). The GHG sources considered were enteric and fecal methane, nitrous oxide from the wastes and carbon dioxide from agricultural and the animals' supplementation activities. The equations used to estimate the GHG production were based on the diet quality, animal performance and the duration of each cycle, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method, level 2. The SMP showed higher emission with 199.748.72, followed by SMB, SMC and SIP with 151.012.17; 125.356.63 and 102.418.01 t CO2eq per production cycle, and their duration of 42, 30, 24 and 18 months, respectively. However, the individual CO2eq emission was higher in SMB, with 259.23 t CO2eq / animal. The relationship between CO2 emissions and carcass production was also lower for the more intensified systems. The adoption of more intensive production systems, the adoption of feedlot systems or supplementation through the entire cycle, proved to be more efficient both productive and environmentally, by reducing GHG emissions and increasing production per area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of body condition score (BCS) on the probability of pregnancy in Nellore cattle on programs of timed artificial insemination (TAI). The TAI protocol and visual evaluation of the BCS (being 1, too lean to 5, too fat) were developed on 5,082 females with different calve orders raised in three farms located in Northern Minas Gerais. The result of pregnancy diagnosis -positive, 1 and negative, 0 was used to study the probability of pregnancy, from the model of logistic regression, from the regression variable as calve orders, farm and body conditions. The mean of probability of pregnancy was 52.03 %. The farm and calve orders effect did not influence the pregnancy probability in Nellore cattle. An increase of 0.5 unit of BC showed an increase of 39.0 % in the pregnancy probability. The body condition affects the probability of pregnancy in Nellore cows in timed artificial insemination programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of markers minimizes interference with animal behavior patterns. However, finding compounds that make more accurate estimates is critical for nutrition. In Exp. 1, we sought to replace titanium dioxide with kaolin as fecal markers and used chromic oxide as a marker of feed intake. Three sequential trials were performed, in each trial four Nelore heifers were used, which individually received 20 g TiO2 and 80 g kaolin/animal orally, and 2.0 kg of supplement containing 1% chromic oxide. In order to verify the difference in nutritional evaluations between different times of collecting feces, feces were collected at two times (08:00 am and 16:00 pm). There were no significant differences (P=0.7976) in the determination of fecal excretion when determined by the external markers TiO2 and kaolin. When stool collections at different times were compared, there was no significant effect. Kaolin was able to estimate the fecal excretion of grazing beef cattle, and the management of collecting the feces once a day is sufficient to estimate the nutritional evaluations. In Exp. 2, we evaluated the possibility of replacing titanium dioxide with kaolin, supplied via supplement, as markers of fecal excretion in pasture-raised beef cattle (4 heifers/study). It was observed that kaolin showed higher fecal excretion values (P ≤ 0.0002) when estimated by TiO2 (5.25 and 2.70 kg/day, respectively). Supplemental feeding of the external marker kaolin overestimated fecal excretion in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El CF total que genera una salida de efectivo, es igual a Bs 52.320 y lo componen los gastos incurridos en personal Bs 40.930, honorarios profesionales Bs 1.200, mantención y reparaciones Bs. 4.789, combustible y lubricantes Bs 4.986 y finalmente los costos diversos Bs 415. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Ubicación geográfica de la UPa Este estudio se realizó en una UPA localizada en la región Amazónica de Bolivia, específicamente en el municipio de Guayaramerín, situado en la provincia Antonio Vaca Diez, al norte del Departamento del Beni. En este estudio se identificó, como producto principal, la "venta de animales en pie para faena", expresada en kilogramos, por ser este significativamente determinante del IB que genera una entrada de efectivo en el sistema productivo de cría y recría de la UPA estudiada. En la Tabla IV se observa que el ingreso por la venta de este producto es igual a Bs 31.120 y está compuesto por la venta de tres torillos mayores a 3 años y diez vacas de descarte con pesos promedio en pie para faena de 370 y 278 Kg respectivamente, resultando en un peso Gancho (PG) total de 1.945 Kg, comercializados a un precio de carne de res en gancho de 16 Bs/Kg. [Extracted from the article]

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