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Aniridia is a congenital bilateral ocular disorder with dominant autosomal inheritance. More than 50% of patients will develop aniridic glaucoma (AG) during their lives. Open angle glaucoma is more common in aniridia, but a closed angle mechanism has been described in relation with anterior rotation of the rudimentary iris, occluding trabecular meshwork. Diagnosis and follow-up of AG is difficult in relation with the presence of keratopathy, nystagmus and foveal hypoplasia. Central corneal thickness usually measures more than 600 microns, which prevents achieving a reliable value of intraocular pressure. Medical treatment of AG is not different from the rest of glaucoma. It is recommended to use preservative free formulations, and combined therapy is often required. Surgical treatment is needed in many cases. There is no consensus on the first line surgery for AG, but in open angle AG, angle surgery is usually first choice, and glaucoma drainage devices are the next preferred surgical technique. In closed angle AG glaucoma drainage devices are usually the first choice, with trabeculectomy as the second preferred surgical technique.

Purpose To create a new list of medical procedures in ophthalmology based on the International Classification of Diseases ICD-9-CM. To establish the general principles that define criteria, quantitative indicators, and scales. To develop the algorithms needed to calculate fees for medical procedures. Methods The out-of-date processes were removed from the list, and new techniques were added, descriptors were modified, procedures with similar descriptions were grouped together, and others were relocated to other group according to surgical complexity conditions. The criteria to calculate the medical fees were defined: training and complexity (U), proficient responsibility (R), and health value (V), with their respective quantitative indicators: period of training necessary to master a technique, frequency of complications that worsen the preoperative situation, and days of incapacity for work due to the process. The Relative Value Unit (RVU) was defined as the score sum of R, V and U. The final fee per medical procedure was calculated as the product of the RVU by its unit cost and by the weighting coefficient (WC). Results A new catalogue was prepared with 161 medical procedures, grouped into consultations, diagnostic procedures (DX.PR), therapeutic procedures (TX.PR), and surgical interventions, increasing in complexity from group 0 to group 8. The following characters were described for each one of the procedures: OMC and ICD-9-MC code, descriptor term, group, proposed modification: no changes or minimums in the descriptors, grouping of acts by similar definitions, change of origin group, new procedures, and procedures removed. The indicators for assessment were also scored: U between 1−4 points, and R and V between 0−3 points. Using their sum, the number of RVUs per medical procedure (between 1 and 10) was calculated which, together with the unit cost of the RVU and the WC (between 0.05 and 1), will determine the final rate. Conclusions The new standardised ophthalmological nomenclature updates and improves the old classification, adapting the procedures to the descriptors included in the ICD-9-CM, and incorporating all the new techniques. Additionally, the declaration of the general principles allows defining new criteria, quantitative indicators, rating scales, and algorithms to calculate fees for medical procedures.

Objective Smoking is an important risk factor for Graves orbitopathy (GO) and it is modifiable. The advice to stop smoking has been included in all the clinical practice guidelines of GO. However, the effectiveness of this practice remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess the change in the smoking habit in patients affected with GO after an oral counselling for smoking cessation. Material and methods A retrospective cohort of GO patients was studied. The patients received a significant oral counsel during the first consultation with the ophthalmologist. 33 GO patients were explored in the ophthalmology clinic during 2013 and 2014 and the study was done throughout a telephone questionnaire in 2015. The main outcome was the number of cigarettes smoked daily before and after consultation with the endocrinologist and the ophthalmologist. Other medical and socioeconomic factors were recorded. Results The mean number of cigarettes that were smoked was 13.6 (SD 9.66) and 6.3 (SD 7.73) before and after the consultation done at the ophthalmology office (T-test paired, p = 0.0006). 42.42% achieved smoking cessation and 30.3% decreased their smoking habit. Patients who stopped smoking suffered usually from active and severe GO, had more stable jobs and received greater support from their relatives and friends. Conclusion A firm and strong oral counsel held for smoke cessation was effective in GO patients. This disease deeply affects patients’ quality of life, making them more prone to change their habits.

The definition of the negative response of the full field electroretinogram is the presence of a b-wave with less amplitude than the a-wave (b/a ratio

Purposes The increase in quality and life expectancy, often leads to many patients asking the glaucoma specialist whether some sports, activities or hobbies would affect their illness. The aim of this article is to establish guidelines for patients, based on the scientific evidence of published papers. Methods Review of all published articles on glaucoma and sports or other activities. The papers were classified according to the level of scientific evidence based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine classification. Results Aerobic sports are beneficial for the patient. Yoga indoor sports or relaxation techniques should be avoided if Valsalva maneuvers are performed or the head is placed very low. Also, the patients must avoid sudden changes in height. Intense heat does not seem to lead to progression of glaucoma, but intense cold can affect patients with vascular dysregulation. Activities using the near vision slightly reduce the intraocular pressure. The use of wind instruments may raise intraocular pressure, depending on the technique used. Conclusions Certain sports and activities may have an influence on the onset or progression of glaucoma. Glaucoma specialists should have adequate information about the scientific evidence in the publications, in order to properly advise the patients.

Case report A 35-year-old man suffered a severe hypotension maculopathy after being kicked in his left eye. He presented a broad area of iridodialysis. Gonioscopy, ultrasound biomicroscopy and optic coherence tomography were not able to locate the suspected cyclodialysis. Medical treatment was ineffective. Five months later the patient received transcleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation with clinical resolution. Discussion Transscleral diode laser constitutes an effective treatment, with low iatrogenia, that can solve cases of ocular hypotension, even when the location of the cyclodialysis has not been determined.

Case presentation An 81 year-old woman and a 63 year-old man developed a pre-Descemet haematoma after deep sclerectomy (DS), the former during the surgery itself and the latter during the early post-operative period. The surgical technique is described that led to the evacuation of the haematoma and the preservation of the integrity of trabeculo-Descemet membrane. The anterior-segment OCT findings after surgery are also presented. Conclusions These are the first reported cases of pre-Descemet haematoma after DS that have been successfully repaired by an ab interno Descemet membranotomy. Surgeons should be aware of this rare, but potentially sight-threatening, complication.

Buried optic nerve head drusen are one of the most common causes of pseudo-papilloedema. In this review, we have chronologically addressed several useful traits in the differential diagnosis of a true papilloedema, using the different features of optical coherence tomography (OCT). The specificity of these features has improved at the same time as the improvement in penetration capability and resolution of newer OCT devices. Spectral domain OCT, and more specifically the enhanced depth imaging (EDI) technology, represents a turning point in directly visualise drusen, to quantify their size and to recognise their impact on neighbouring structures inside the optic nerve head.

Objective To present a clinical practice guideline update on the medical, laser, and surgical treatment of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) in adults. Methods Following the formulation of key questions using the PICO scheme (Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome), a systematic review was performed on the literature published to date, including international clinical practice guidelines. The AMSTAR and Risk of Bias tools were used for evaluating the quality of the information. The level of evidence and grade of recommendation were established following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) system. Results Following the above methodology, recommendations of medical, laser and surgical treatment in adult PACG and levels of evidence are presented. Conclusions Although the level of scientific evidence for many of the questions raised is not very high, a review is presented on updated treatment recommendations for adult PACG. The limitations for the implementation of these recommendations is include two criteria: (a) most studies have been conducted in Asian populations, and (b) the effectiveness is measured almost exclusively in terms of reducing intraocular pressure, but limitations do not include visual function, quality of life or cost-effectiveness parameters.

Purpose A study was designed to determine and describe the changes induced in the anterior segment of the eye and the intraocular pressure (IOP) after laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) versus phacoemulsification in primary angle closure suspects (PACS) and primary angle closure (PAC). Methods Forty-seven eyes (47 patients) with Shaffer gonioscopy 0-II were included and split into 2 groups: cataract surgery (n = 29) or LPI (n = 18), depending on the lens sclerosis and visual acuity. Tonometry, gonioscopy, funduscopy, and automated measurements of the anterior chamber by Pentacam were performed before the intervention, and one and 3 months after the technique. Results Phacoemulsification reduces IOP after one and 3 months ( P P P P = .4), and 15.52 (SD: 2.95) vs 16.05 (SD: 2.46) in the third month ( P = .5). There were no significant differences in the antiglaucoma drugs. Shaffer gonioscopy grading was greater in the phacoemulsification group vs in the LPI group one and 3 months after the intervention ( P = .01). The highest difference between both techniques was found in the superior quadrant. The anterior chamber depth, angle and volume by Pentacam were wider in the phacoemulsification group after one and 3 months ( P Conclusions Although phacoemulsification and LPI could both be effective techniques in the prevention of pupillary block in PAC, faster and greater amplitude of the angle and the anterior chamber can be obtained after phacoemulsification than after LPI.

Objective To evaluate primary cultures from human conjunctiva supplemented with fetal bovine serum, autologous serum, and platelet-rich autologous serum, over human amniotic membrane and lens anterior capsules. Methods One-hundred and forty-eight human conjunctiva explants were cultured in CnT50 ® supplemented with 1, 2.5, 5 and 10% fetal bovine serum, autologous serum and platelet-rich autologous serum. Conjunctival samples were incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 and 95% HR, for 3 weeks. Results The typical phenotype corresponding to conjunctival epithelial cells was present in all primary cultures. Conjunctival cultures had MUC5AC-positive secretory cells, K19-positive conjunctival cells, and MUC4-positive non-secretory conjunctival cells, but were not corneal phenotype (cytokeratin K3-negative) and fibroblasts (CD90-negative). Conclusions Conjunctiva epithelial progenitor cells were preserved in all cultures; thus, a cell culture in CnT50 ® supplemented with 1–5% autologous serum over human amniotic membrane can provide better information of epithelial cell differentiation for the conjunctival surface reconstruction.

a b s t r a c t Objective: To determine the effect of posterior capsulotomy on macular thickness, intraocular pressure and endothelial cell loss in pseudophakic patients with posterior capsule opacification using the other eye of every patient as a control. Methods: An observational prospective study was conducted on 31 pseudophakic patients with posterior capsular opacification in one eye, using the other eye as a control. Patients did not suffer any other ocular pathology. All patients were treated by posterior capsular opacification with Nd:YAG capsulotomy, and followed up for a three-month period. The ocular examination included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), macular optical coherence tomography (OCT), and endothelial cell assessment (including densitometry, cell size and coefficient of variation, hexagonal cell percentage and pachymetry), which were determined in both eyes before treatment, and one week, one month and 3 months after capsulotomy. Results: Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to assess the capsulotomy effect adjusted by corresponding baseline measurements and time. No association was found between capsulotomy and IOP (p = 0.597), macular thickness (p = 0.085) or ECA densitometry (p = 0.422), average size of cells (p = 0.299), variation coefficient (p = 0.495), hexagonal cell percent (p = 0.093) and corneal pachymetry (p = 0.423). A significant increase of 0.15 Snellen units in BCVA was found during the 3-month follow-up period (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study shows that after Nd:YAG capsulotomy, BCVA improves significantly without any IOP, OCT or ECA changes during the three-month follow-up. Nd:YAG capsulotomy is a safe procedure in pseudophakic patients without any other ocular pathology.

The objective of this review is to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adenoviral conjunctivitis, as well as to present a practical update on its diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. There are two well-defined adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis clinical syndromes: epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever, which are caused by different adenovirus serotypes. The exact incidence of adenoviral conjunctivitis is unknown. However, cases are more frequent during warmer months. Contagion is possible through direct contact or fomites and the virus is extremely resistant to different physical and chemical agents. The symptomatology of conjunctival infection is similar to any other conjunctivitis, with a higher incidence of pseudomembranes. In the cornea, adenoviral infection may lead to keratitis nummularis. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, but its etiology can be confirmed using cell cultures, polymerase chain reaction or immunochromatography. Multiple treatments have been tried for this disease, but none of them seem to be completely effective. Prevention is the most reliable way to control this contagious infection.

Propósito: Estudiar los cambios hemodinámicos retrobulbares mediante ecografía doppler color, en pacientes hipertensos oculares (HTO) en tratamiento con Combigan® versus placebo. Método: Treinta pacientes randomizados en 2 grupos paralelos fueron incluidos en un estudio prospectivo y a doble ciego; quince de ellos en tratamiento con Combigan® y quince en tratamiento con placebo, durante un periodo de 3 meses. Se obtuvieron medidas de la presión intraocular (PIO) y del flujo sanguíneo a nivel de la arteria central de la retina (ACR) y la arteria oftámica en el momento basal y a los 3 meses. Resultados: Combigan® redujo significativamente la PIO tras tres meses de tratamiento (p=0,001). Los parámetros hemodinámicos basales fueron similares entre los grupos placebo y tratamiento. Los pacientes tratados con Combigan® mostraron un descenso estadísticamente significativo del índice de resistencia de la ACR (p=0,007). Conclusiones: Los pacientes tratados durante 3. meses con Combigan® mostraron un descenso estadísticamente significativo del índice de resistenciade la ACR que podría explicarse por el descenso de PIO. Purpose: This study was undertaken to compare the ocular haemodynamic effects of Combigan® versus placebo in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods: Thirty patients with OHT were included in a controlled, randomised, double blind study in two parallel groups; 15 were randomised to receive Combigan® and 15 to receive placebo for a period of 3 months. At baseline and at 3 months retrobulbar blood flowmeasurements of the ophthalmic artery (OA) and central retinal artery (CRA) were taken using colour Doppler imaging (CDI) ultrasound, concurrently with intraocular pressure (IOP). Results: Combigan® significantly reduced IOP after 3 months of treatment (P = 0.001), whereas placebo showed no significant change in IOP. The baseline haemodynamic parameters were similar between treatment and placebo groups. Patients treated with Combigan® showed a statistically significant decrease in CRA resistive index (P = 0.007). Conclusions: Patients treated for 3 months with Combigan® showed a significant decrease of CRA resistive index that could be explained by the decrease in IOP.

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la administración tópica de la combinación fija bimatoprost (0,3 mg/ml)/maleato de timolol (5 mg/ml) sobre el flujo sanguíneo retrobulbar en pacientes con hipertensión ocular (HTO). Pacientes y métodos: Veinte pacientes con HTO fueron incluidos en este estudio prospectivo, doble ciego y aleatorizados a recibir tratamiento con bimatoprost/timolol o placebo durante 12 semanas. Las pruebas se llevaron a cabo en la primera visita y a las 12 semanas. Se registraron la agudeza visual, presión intraocular (PIO), examen en lámpara de hendidura, perimetría estática automática, presión arterial sistémica y frecuencia cardíaca. Mediante ecografía doppler color (EDC) se midieron los parámetros del flujo sanguíneo retrobulbar de la arteria oftálmica (AO) y arteria central de la retina (ACR). Resultados: La combinación fija bimatoprost/timolol redujo significativamente la PIO (p < 0,0001), además de conseguir un incremento significativo de la velocidad diastólica final (VDF) en la ACR (p = 0,03). En el grupo de pacientes tratados con bimatoprost/timolol se observó una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la PIO y la VDF a las 12 semanas de tratamiento (r = -0,511, p = 0,045). No hubo cambios significativos en las presiones arteriales sistólica (p = 0,54) y diastólica (p = 0,67) ni en la frecuencia cardíaca (p = 0,10) durante el período de tratamiento. Conclusiones: La combinación fija bimatoprost/timolol redujo significativamente la PIO en pacientes con HTO. El único cambio observado en la hemodinámica retrobulbar fue un incremento de la VDF en la ACR, probablemente relacionado con la reducción de la PIO. Purpose: To investigate the effects of topical bimatoprost (0.3 mg/ml)/timolol maleate (5 mg/ ml) fixed combination on retrobulbar blood flow in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT). Patients and methods: Twenty consecutive patients with OHT were prospectively randomised to either bimatoprost/timolol or placebo during a 12 weeks double masked treatment trial. Examinations were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), slit-lamp examination, automated static perimetry, systemic blood pressure and heart rate were all recorded. Retrobulbar blood flow measurements of the ophthalmic artery (AO) and central retinal artery (CRA) were measured by colour Doppler imaging. Results: IOP was significantly decreased by bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination (p < 0.0001). Bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination therapy resulted in a significant increase in end diastolic velocity (EDV) of the CRA (p = 0.03). In patients treated with bimatoprost/timolol a statistically significant correlation between IOP and EDV was observed after 12 weeks of treatment (r = -0.511, p = 0.045). The systolic (p = 0.54) and diastolic (p = 0.67) blood pressures and heart rate (p = 0.10) did not show statistically significant differences during the study period. Conclusions: Topical bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination significantly reduced IOP in patients with OHT. However, the only significant change observed in retrobulbar haemodynamics was an increase in EDV of the CRA, probably associated with a reduction in IOP.