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A novel Gram-reaction positive-, catalase and oxidase negative-, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterial strain, DCY120 T , was isolated from the gut of honeybee (Apis cerana) in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Strain DCY120 T belongs to the genus Bombilactobacillus and is moderately related to Bombilactobacillus mellis Hon2 T (94.1% similarity), Bombilactobacillus bombi BTLCH M1/2 T (93.8%), and Bombilactobacillus mellifer Bin4N T (93.5%) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The genome of strain DCY120 T was sequenced and the average nucleotide identity (ANI) between strain DCY120 T and the related Bombilactobacillus type strains were below the threshold value (95-96%) for species delineation. The major fatty acids were C 16:0 , C 18:1 ω9c, Summed C 19:1 ω6c/C 19:0 cyclo ω10c/C 19:0 ω6 and Summed C 18:1 ω7c/C 18:1 ω6c. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), one glycolipid (GL), and one unidentified aminophospholipid (APL). The amino acids in peptidoglycan of strain DCY120 T were lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid. In conclusion, the description of phenotypic and genotypic properties support strain DCY120 T as a novel species within the genus Bombilactobacillus, for which the name Bombilactobacillus apium sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY120 T (= KCTC 43194 T  = JCM 34006 T ).

A new bacterium, designated DCY113 T , was isolated from ginseng cultivation soil in Gochang-gun, South Korea, and its taxonomic position identified by the polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis determined that this isolate belongs to the genus Paraburkholderia, and was closest to P. dipogonis DL7 T (98.6%), P. phytofirmans PsJN T (98.5%), P. kirstenboschensis Kb15 T (98.4%) and P. aromaticivorans BN T (98.1%). Strain DCY113 T is Gram-reaction negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, and catalase and oxidase positive. The predominant isoprenoid quinone of DCY113 T was ubiquinone Q-8. The major cellular fatty acids were C 16:0 , cyclo-C 17:0 and the Summed feature 8 (C 18:1 ω7c and/or C 18:1 ω6c). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and an unknown amino lipid (AL1). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.2 mol%. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) between strain DCY113 T and the related Paraburkholderia type strains were below the threshold value for species delineation. This low DNA relatedness in combination with phylogenetic and phenotypic tests indicates that strain DCY113 T cannot be assigned to any recognized species. Strain DCY113 T was also found to have antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi Cylindrocarpon destructans. In conclusion, this study found DCY113 T to be a novel species within the genus Paraburkholderia, for which the name P. panacisoli is proposed. The type strain is DCY113 T (= KCTC 52951 T  = JCM 32098 T ).

A novel bacterial strain designated DCY116 T was isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil in Gochang-gun, Republic of Korea. Strain DCY116 T , belongs to the genus Rhizobium, and is closely related to Rhizobium yantingense H66 T (98.3%), Neorhizobium huautlense S02 T (98.2%), Rhizobium soli DS-42 T (98.1%), Rhizobium smilacinae PTYR-5 T (97.9%), and Neorhizobium alkalisoli CCBAU 01393 T (97.9%) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Analysis of the housekeeping genes atpD, recA, and glnII showed low levels of sequence similarity (96.8%) between strain DCY116 T and other closely related species. Strain DCY116 T was Gram-stain negative, motile by peritrichous flagella, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive. Q-10 was the predominant ubiquinone. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as C 16:0 and summed feature 8 (C 18:1 ω7c and/or C 18:1 ω6c). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and an unknown lipid (L1-3). Genomic DNA G + C content of strain DCY116 T was determined to be 57.2 mol%. DNA-DNA homology values between strain DCY116 T and closely related species of the genus Rhizobium were lower than 40%. Strain DCY116 T produced indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and was able to solubilize phosphate as a potential plant growth promoting bacterium. In conclusion, the results of this study support strain DCY116 T as a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium panacihumi is proposed. The type strain is DCY116 T (= KCTC 62017 T  = JCM 32251 T ).

A novel bacterium, designated DCY112 T , was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of a ginseng-cultivated field in Gochang-gun, Republic of Korea. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, this isolate was assigned to the genus Rhodanobacter and is closely related to Rhodanobacter soli DCY45 T (98.0%) and R. umsongensis GR24-2 T (98.0%). Strain DCY112 T is Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped, and produces yellow-pigmented colonies on R2A medium. Q-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:0 , and summed feature 9 (iso-C 17:1 ω9c and/or 10-methyl-C 16:0 ). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), an unknown amino lipid (AL1), and an unidentified polar lipid (L3). The genomic DNA G + C content was 65.2 mol%. DNA-DNA homology values between strain DCY112 T and related strains were lower than 55%. The low DNA relatedness data in combination with phenotypic and genotypic tests indicated that strain DCY112 T could not be assigned to a recognized species. Strain DCY112 T showed antagonistic activity against the fungal pathogen Fusarium solani (KACC 44891 T ), which causes ginseng root rot. The results of this study support that strain DCY112 T is a novel species belonging to the genus Rhodanobacter, for which the name Rhodanobacter ginsengiterrae is proposed. The type strain is DCY112 T (= KCTC 62018 T  = JCM 32167 T ).

The novel species DCY115 T was isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil in Gochang province, Republic of Korea. The isolated strain was assigned to the genus Paraburkholderia due to its 16S rRNA gene sequence proximity to Paraburkholderia xenovorans LB400 T (98.8%), Paraburkholderia terricola LMG 20594 T (98.4%), Paraburkholderia graminis C4D1M T (98.2%), Paraburkholderia rhynchosiae WSM3937 T (98.1%), and Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN T (98.1%). Strain DCY115 T is gram-negative, facultative aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-flagellated, and oxidase and catalase positive. The predominant isoprenoid quinone of DCY115 T is ubiquinone Q-8. The major cellular fatty acids are C 16:0 , cyclo-C 17:0 , cyclo-C 19:0 ω8c, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7c and/or C 16:1 ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C 18:1 ω7c and/or C 18:1 ω6c). The major polar lipids include diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and an unknown amino lipid (AL1). The genomic DNA G + C content is 61.3 mol%. Phenotypic tests and chemotaxonomic analysis place strain DCY115 T in the genus Paraburkholderia. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain DCY115 T and closely related reference strains were lower than 51%. The low DNA relatedness data in combination with phylogenetic and biochemical tests showed that strain DCY115 T could not be assigned to any recognized species. Finally, strain DCY115 T showed antagonistic activity against Fusarium solani (KACC 44891 T ) and Cylindrocarpon destructans (KACC 44660 T ), which are two root rot fungal pathogens of ginseng. In conclusion, the results in this study support strain DCY115 T as a novel species within the genus Paraburkholderia for which the name Paraburkholderia panacihumi is proposed. The type strain is DCY115 T (= KCTC 52952 T  = JCM 32099 T ).

A novel bacterium, designated DCY114 T , was isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil in Gochang-gun, Republic of Korea. This isolate was assigned to the genus Paenibacillus and is closely related to Paenibacillus amylolyticus NRRL NRS-290 T (98.3%), P. dongdonensis KUDC0114 T (98.0%), P. tylopili MK2 T (97.9%), P. tundrae A10b T (97.8%), and P. xylanexedens B22a T (97.5%) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Strain DCY114 T is a Gram-reaction positive, catalase and oxidase positive, facultatively aerobic rod that is motile by peritrichous flagella. Strain DCY114 T produces siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and is able to solubilize phosphate as a plant growth-promoting bacterium. MK-7 was the diagnostic menaquinone. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15:0 , C 16:0 , and C 18:0 , and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and an unknown amino lipid (AL1,2). The genomic DNA G + C content was 46.0 mol%. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic results also placed strain DCY114 T within the genus Paenibacillus. DNA-DNA homology values between strain DCY114 T and closely related reference strains were lower than 43%. The low DNA relatedness data in combination with phylogenetic and biochemical tests indicated that strain DCY114 T could not be assigned to a recognized species. The results of this study support that the DCY114 T strain is a novel species belonging to the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus panacihumi is proposed. The type strain is DCY114 T (= KCTC 33915 T  = JCM 32073 T ).