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In the early days of iron metallurgy in Western Europe, the most widespread type of ‘trade iron’ (semi-product) was bipyramidal in shape. Although they are frequently found, little is known about how they were manufactured and circulated, or even about their age. An interdisciplinary approach was applied to the Durrenentzen deposit (Haut-Rhin, France), the third-largest in Europe in terms of artefact quantities, in an attempt to reconstruct the technological, social and economic context that caused them to be abandoned. A morphometric study of the 51 iron bars revealed a high degree of homogeneity, despite variations in detail. Four objects were selected for archaeometric studies. Metallographic analyses show internal differences (quality of the material, nature of the alloys and manufacturing techniques). Chemical analyses also showed different provenances. Finally, radiocarbon analyses of the carbon in steel (iron/carbon alloy) linked this deposit to the early Iron Age. This study provided the first benchmark for more general research, significantly changing perceptions of the economics of iron at the beginning of the Iron Age.

This paper develops new reflections regarding the provenance of iron artefacts, by defining the trade networks that might have supplied the building yard of the Metz city belfry at the end of the 15th century. Regional field surveys were carried out in Lorraine in order to constitute a chemical repository, including ironmaking zones considered as the most probable metal providers. The chemical characterization—both major and trace elements—of slag inclusions entrapped in the metallic matrix of iron reinforcements was performed in order to compare their chemical signature to the reference set. A statistical approach based on the combined use of descriptive multivariate analyses was developed to infer the origin of the metal supplied to the building yard. As the multiplicity of potential metal providers was assessed from former studies, the results obtained underline the place taken by local workshops in the supply strategy developed by the builders. This study thus provides crucial information supporting a discussion about the scale and the organization of such networks at the end of the Middle Ages

Iron raw materials provide a privileged source of information for the reconstruction of metallurgical techniques and the circulation of iron products. An interdisciplinary approach, combining archaeological and archaeometrical studies of the exemplars known from the French Iron Age, has been undertaken. This enables a new typological classification to be produced that demonstrates a correlation between morphological and structural properties. Through comparison with chronological data, it is possible to propose a reconstruction of the organization of production according to three main periods, which are characterized by the circulation of different qualities of iron and by diverse levels of artisanal specialization.