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In the Haber-Bosch process (HBp), which uses elevated pressure and temperature to produce more concentration of nitrogen and hydrogen gases, 90% of the 175 million metric tons of NH3 generated worldwide in 2016 were manufactured in this process. According to the road plan for sustainable ammonia production sustainably, using water as a reducing agent is the most effective way to fix nitrogen in close-quarters ambiance. A complete explanation of theoretical and practical work on electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction is provided in this article, with special attention paid to the low selectivity of nitrogen reduction to ammonia in comparison to protons to hydrogen. Since they are essential for accurately achieving high nitrogen production and Faradaic efficiency (FE), their information outlines electrocatalysts, electrolyte selection criteria, and managed experiment design. Under diverse conditions, the evolution of theory and experiment is examined. Finally, feedback is given on this field’s present issues and prospects.

Pesticides belonging to carbamates, pyrethroids and organophosphate groups are being mostly used worldwide. These are toxic and their minute amount leads to severe illness or death when ingested through various means. In case of suicidal or homicidal incidents, trace levels of pesticides may lead to acute death. In this scenario, stomach content is the best specimen for the detection of pesticide poison. Conversely, trace levels of pesticides may reach the mammary glands of milking animals when they eat grassy feed exposed to pesticides spray. Trace levels of those pesticide residues present in milk remain stable even after pasteurization. Eventually, milk consumers are affected chronically by these pesticide residues. The current study includes the development and validation of nine multi-class pesticide residues analyses in stomach content and milk. Nine-multiclass pesticides were extracted from stomach content and milk by acetonitrile with the addition of extraction salt. Quantitative analysis of permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen, triazophos, profenophos, chlorpyriphos, carbofuran, phorate, and step, GC–MS was used as an analytical technique equipped with DB-5 ms capillary open tubular column (15 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm) and 0.08 ml/L flow rate of helium mobile phase gas with constant pressure. LLOQ and ULOQ for all target analytes were 0.05 mg/L and 3 mg/L respectively.

In this work, we have described the biogenic synthesized copper nanoparticles being supported over plant phytochemicals modified magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Hibiscus sabdariffa extract was used as a green reducing agent and an excellent stabilizer of the synthesized NPs. The biomolecules are adorned as a protective shell over the core ferrite NPs. Physicochemical characterization of the as-synthesized Cu-Hibiscus@Fe3O4 nanocomposite was carried out through Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), elemental mapping (WDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The as-synthesized bio-nanomaterial was used as an excellent heterogeneous and magnetically retrievable catalyst in the three-component condensation of 4-hydroxycoumarin, malononitrile and various aldehydes in refluxing aqueous media. A broad range of aromatic aldehydes underwent the reaction to produce diverse pyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives in very good yields irrespective of the nature of bearing functional groups or their respective geometrical positions. Due to superparamagentic character, the material was easily magnetically decanted out and recycled for 8 successive times with preservation of its catalytic activity. After the chemical applications we also explored the material biologically in the resistance of human colon cancer and thereby studied the cytotoxicity over two standard cell lines, HT-29 and Caco-2. The conventional MTT assay was carried out over them which revealed an increase in % cell viability dose dependantly. In addition, DPPH radical scavenging test was performed for studying anti-oxidant activity, using BHT as the positive control. The IC50 values observed in the two cell lines were 490.12 μg/ml and 412.23 μg/ml respectively. The results validate the administration of Cu-Hibiscus@Fe3O4 as a competent colon protective drug in the clinical trial studies over human.

Natural materials are gaining popularity in wound healing and food applications, and they have the potential to alleviate the major environmental problems generated via traditional materials. Biomaterials based on Chitosan incorporated with natural products (Ginger, Curcumin, and Cinnamon) have been fabricated by solvent casting method. The antimicrobial characterization of the prepared samples were also investigated using in vitro antimicrobial studies using Gram-positive microorganism [Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis], Gram-negative microorganism [Pseudomonas aeruginosa], and pathogenic [Candida albicans]. XRD patterns confirmed the complexation between chitosan and other natural products and this indicate the change in structural of chitosan. The shifting and disappearing of bands in FTIR-ATR and changing in fingerprints in FTIR spectra indicate the homogeneity and interaction between chitosan and the other. Optical properties such as absorption, absorption coefficient, Urbach tail and band gap calculation confirmed that Ginger, Curcumin and Cinnamon interact with chitosan and induces localized state between valence and conduction band. The mechanical properties also studied and revealed that Chitosan/Ginger has the best mechanical characteristic compared the other samples. In addition, the shifting toward higher wavelength for chitosan/Ginger may be utilized to generate electron–hole pairs, which is important for antimicrobial activities, and this confirmed from antimicrobial analysis that Chitosan/Ginger give high antimicrobial activity toward Gram-positive microorganism and suggest it for wound dressing application.

In this study, an eco-friendly and low-cost procedure for the in situ fabrication of Cu nanoparticles by using chitosan/alginate hydrogel. The prepared Cu NPs@CS/Alg nanocomposite were characterized by advanced physicochemical techniques like Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) study. It has been established that chitosan/alginate-capped gold nanoparticles have a spherical shape with a mean diameter from 10 to 20 nm. In the cellular and molecular part of the recent study, the treated cells with Cu NPs@CS/Alg nanocomposite were assessed by MTT assay for 48 h about the cytotoxicity and anti-human breast cancer properties on normal (HUVEC) and breast cancer cell lines i.e. infiltrating lobular carcinoma of breast (UACC-3133), inflammatory carcinoma of the breast (UACC-732), and metastatic carcinoma (MDA-MB-453). In the antioxidant test, the IC50 of Cu NPs@CS/Alg nanocomposite and BHT against DPPH free radicals were 344 and 193 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of Cu NPs@CS/Alg nanocomposite were 297, 386, and 359 µg/mL against KYSE-270, OE33, and ESO26 cell lines, respectively. The viability of malignant breast cell line reduced dose-dependently in the presence of Cu NPs@CS/Alg nanocomposite.

In this study we report the green synthesis of nontoxic and stable Cu nanoparticles (NP) using chitosan/starch hydrogel with reducing/capping ability without using any harsh reducing agents. Starch was used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of Cu NPs that was further stabilized by chitosan polymers. The in situ prepared Cu NPs/CS-Starch bio-composite were characterized by advanced physicochemical techniques like Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis, TGA and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopic (ICP-OES) study. It has been established that Cu NPs/CS-Starch bio-composite have a spherical shape with a mean diameter from 5 to 7 nm. Cell viability of Cu NPs/CS-Starch bio-composite was very low against common human thyroid carcinoma cell lines i.e. TPC1, BCPAP and FTC133 without any cytotoxicity on normal cell line. The best anti-human thyroid carcinoma effects of Cu NPs/CS-Starch bio-composite was observed against the TPC1 cell line. For investigating the antioxidant properties of Cu NPs/CS-Starch bio-composite, the DPPH assay was used in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene as the positive control. Cu NPs/CS-Starch bio-composite inhibited half of the DPPH molecules in the concentration of 207 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity of Cu NPs/CS-Starch bio-composite is significantly related to its anti-human thyroid carcinoma potentials. Based on to the above findings, the Cu NPs/CS-Starch bio-composite could be administrated for the treatment of several types of human thyroid carcinoma in humans.