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This study investigated the effects of different dietary levels of Triphala fruit powder on the growth performance, histology, serum parameters, gene expression indicators, and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings against Saprolegnia ferax infection. The fish were fed with either a control diet (without Triphala fruit powder addition) or three experimental diets including 1, 2, and 3% of TFP over a 60-day period. Two hundred and forty healthy fish (28.0 ± 0.2 g) were stocked in 12 tanks, 20 fish per tank. Dietary TFP supplementation significantly improved growth performance and feed efficiency to the un-treated group (P < 0.05). All Triphala fruit powder dietary groups had a significant higher amylase activity and lower levels of ALT, AST, and cholesterol than the control group (P < 0.05). The Triphala fruit powder treatment (3%) resulted in a significant increase in packed cell volume, red blood cell count, haemoglobin, and monocyte values compared to other groups (P < 0.05). The study reported significant (P < 0.05) improvements in immune response and increased levels of haemoglobin, white and red blood cells, albumin, globulin, and total protein for the Triphala dietary groups. In all Triphala dietary groups, the mRNA expression levels of the growth-related (growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)) and immune-related genes (cc-chemokine, intereluekin-1β (IL-1β), and intereluekin-8 (IL-8)) were significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated compared to the control groups. After exposure to Saprolegnia ferax infection, the control group exhibited a higher mortality rate (up to 75%) than the Triphala-treated groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that dietary inclusion of Triphala at an optimal level of 3% improved the growth performance and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is playing an increasingly important role in global food security, especially for low-income and food-deficit countries. The majority of aquaculture production occurs in freshwater earthen ponds and tilapia has quickly become one of the most widely adopted culture species in these systems. Tilapia are now farmed in over 140 countries facilitated by their ease of production, adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions, fast growth, and high nutritional value. Typically, tilapia have been considered a hardy, disease resilient species; however, the disease is increasing with subsequent threats to the industry as their production is intensified. In this review, we discuss tilapia production, with a focus on Bangladesh as one of the top producing countries, and highlight the problems associated with disease and treatment approaches for them, including the misuse of antimicrobials. We address a key missing component in understanding health and disease processes for sustainable production in aquaculture, specifically the role played by the microbiome. Here we examine the importance of the microbiome in supporting health, focused on the symbiotic microbial community of the fish skin mucosal surface, the abiotic and biotic factors that influence the microbiome, and the shifts that are associated with diseased states. We also identify conserved taxa of skin microbiomes that may be used as indicators of health status for tilapia offering new opportunities to mitigate and manage the disease and optimize environmental growing conditions and farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, aquaculture has played a significant role in fulfilling the vast demand for animal protein requirements and consequently in food security. However, environmental contamination and disease prevalence are considered essential challenges for the sector. In this regard, new approaches have been paved in technology to deal effectively with such challenges. Among these, nanotechnology—as a novel and innovative tool—has a broad spectrum of uses and a tremendous potential in aquaculture and seafood preservation. It can provide new technologies for management of drugs as liberation of vaccines and therefore hold the assurance for civilized protection of farmed fish against disease-causing pathogens. This article presents a review of nanotechnology and its applications in aquaculture. Additionally, it gives a brief idea about the fish disease and classical ways of controlling pathogens. On the other hand, this review sheds the light on nanotechnology as a potential novel tool which may possibly enhance the management and the control of disease prevalence. Therefore, the importance of this technology to promote sustainable aquaculture has also been highlighted. Focusing on the role of selenium nanoparticles as an efficient element is discussed also in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral disease outbreak is the most serious issue as it may cause severe losses to farmers as well as to economy in the marine industry worldwide. Among fish viral diseases, betanodavirus is a significant pathogen that causes viral nervous necrosis (VNN) and can result in mass mortalities to fish culture especially at larval stages. In Malaysia, betanodavirus had been isolated from groupers, seabass, red snappers, and golden pomfret. Recently, inconsistent seed supply is observed due to viral infection at larval stages which limits the growth of fish culture. Therefore, seeds of grouper are often imported from neighboring countries such as Indonesia by farmers. Strict importation regulations should be practiced as the importation of fish seeds may become a possible source of the virus entering the country. It is a challenge to track farmers who are affected by the disease in order to segregate or eliminate the VNN carrier spawners. This scenario had resulted in incomplete destruction of diseased fish population and leads to re-occurrence of the disease at the early stage of grouper. This situation warrants immediate attention to develop promising prevention strategies such as a new vaccine which is very important and could work effectively with better farm management approaches. This article discusses the occurrence of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease in Malaysia and reviews possible preventive measures via vaccination to combat the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Enterobacter cloacae bacterium was isolated from curd and its antibacterial potential against the pathogen Plesiomonas shigelloides was evaluated using the freshwater ornamental fish Kenyi cichlid (Maylandia lombardoi). Among the bacterial isolates, E. cloacae exhibited tolerance to acidic pH 2 and demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against P. shigelloides in various in vitro assays. Dietary supplementation of E. cloacae with prebiotic supplement 2% mannan oligosaccharide improved the growth performance and reduced the toxic metabolites such as nitrite in culture tank water of Kenyi cichlid. In vivo application of E. cloacae with mannan oligosaccharide significantly elevated (p < 0.05) white blood cell counts (88.47 ± 2.15 103 mm−3) and respiratory burst activity (0.243 ± 0.007) of Kenyi cichlid when challenged with P. shigelloides. Intestinal morphology of Kenyi cichlid fish treated with probiotic and prebiotic combinations showed improved intestinal architectures. The present findings confirm that the isolated bacterium E. cloacae is a potential probiotic and can be used effectively to prevent infection of P. shigelloides in freshwater ornamental fish culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]