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Tuned mass damper (TMD) has a wide application in the human-induced vibration control of pedestrian bridges and its parameters have great influence on the control effects, hence it should be well designed. A new optimization method for a TMD system is proposed in this paper, based on the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA), and the primary structural damping is taken into consideration. The optimization goal is to minimize the maximum dynamic amplification factor of the primary structure under external harmonic excitations. As a result, the optimized TMD has a smaller maximum dynamic amplification factor and better robustness. The optimum TMD parameters for a damped primary structure with different damping ratios and different TMD mass ratios are summarized in a table for simple, practical design, and the fitting equation is also provided. The TMD configuration optimized by the proposed method was shown to be superior to that optimized by other classical optimization methods. Finally, the application of an optimized TMD based on AFSA for a pedestrian bridge is proposed as a case study. The results show that the TMD designed based on AFSA has a smaller maximum dynamic amplification factor than the TMD designed based on the classic Den Hartog method and the TMD designed based on the Ioi Toshihiro method, and the optimized TMD has a good effect in controlling human-induced vibrations at different frequencies.