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Carbon nanotubes (∼200 nm diameter) are grown by chemical vapor deposition using catalytic iron particles. Mössbauer spectroscopy enables differentiation among relatively large Fe3C, α-Fe, and nanosized superparamagnetic fcc γ-Fe particles. The antiferromagnetic configuration of γ-Fe nanoparticles yields a significant fraction of uncompensated spins, producing a weak ferromagnetism that allows estimation of size (2–3 nm) via magnetization in zero field versus variable field cooling. This property of γ-Fe nanoparticles has not been previously employed. We propose that the surfaces of 200 nm iron carbide particles are covered with nanosized γ-Fe and graphitized carbon that participate in the catalytic growth of nanotubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]