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The potential application of anode-less sodium metal batteries (ALSBs) is severely affected by the irreversible depletion of sodium ions. Cathode sodium compensation (SC) additive is an effective way for sodium supplement due to its simplicity and flexibility. However, developing SC additives with no toxicity, low cost, low sensitivity to air and humidity is still a huge challenge. In this work, we propose a low-cost, environmentally friendly and air-stable organic sodium salt as sodium reservoir to compensate sodium ion, thus improving the cycle stability of ALSBs. The capacity of ALSBs with N: P as low as 0.5:1 could maintain capacity retention of 91.3% after 100 cycles with this SC additive, while the cell without this SC additive would decline to almost zero after 10 cycles. The inexpensive price and ease of preparation also make it suitable for industrialization. This work provides a realistic SC approach for improving the cycling stability for ALSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-phase and multi-physics coupling model was proposed and experimentally verified. The simulation of keyhole and weld pool dynamics was conducted during the pulsed laser beam welding (PLBW) of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. Different pulse frequencies were employed in numerical cases to investigate the influences on thermal transfer and fluid flow behavior and the resultant weld pool dimensions. The calculation results reveal that the welding dynamics go through three stages, that is, keyhole formation/rebuilding, keyhole shrinking, and keyhole collapsing, within a typical laser pulse period. Keyhole collapsing always induces porosities in the lower weld pool, which can be non-contact with a rising-up tendency or captured by the liquid-solid interface unilaterally or multilaterally. Compensation flows are commonly observed near the concaves at keyhole shrinking stage, and then evolve to circulations between porosity and collapsed keyhole. Besides, the keyhole and weld pool show an oscillatory growth on depth values with the oscillation amplitude of keyhole being much higher. A reduced laser pulse frequency can increase the initial weld pool dimensions, obviously, while having little impact on the final welding penetration. The configuration of pulse frequency should be critical to a desirable welding formation in terms of continuity and homogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]