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Pressure regulators have a great impact on the runtime and energy savings of supersonic wind tunnels. In order to investigate this impact quantitatively the theoretical isentropic (ideal) equations for the supersonic wind tunnel flow were compared with viscous CFD computations. The theoretical model was extended include the flow from the outflow from the pressure vessel up to the wind tunnel. This theoretical model was solved with and without pressure regulation valve using a Runge-Kutta method. The differences in runtime and energy consumption for both configurations with and without pressure regulator as well as the derivation of the analytical model and the numerical solution are presented in detail in this paper.

Subway train positioning technology is one of the key technologies, however when red band appears in dispatch center, train ground communication fails and other issues, you need a back-up emergency systems to provide train position information for the station dispatchers in order to arrange train route. This paper describes a back-up system for positioning subway trains. The system is a combination of vehicle and ground subway train assisted positioning system, it can fast and accurate get the location information of subway trains, to provide protection of safe and efficient operation for the subway trains.

Biped robot with heterogeneous legs (BRHL) is a new pattern humanoid robot. This paper first introduces the conception, research purpose and configuration of HRHL. Then coordinated dynamics model and magneto-rheological (MR) damper model are given. In the end, this paper discusses the control model of BRHL and gives combined control simulation. The result indicates that intelligent bionic leg controlled by MR damper can track artificial leg’s gait well.

The semi-linear elliptic equation is an important model in Mathematic, Physics. In this paper, we study the Dirichlet problem of semi-linear elliptic equation with a logarithmic nonlinear term. By using the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, mountain pass theorem and perturbation theorem, we obtain infinitely many nontrivial weak solutions, and also the energy of the solution is positive.

The locality sensitive k-means clustering method has been presented recently. Although this approach can improve the clustering accuracies, it often gains the unstable clustering results because some random samples are employed for the initial centers. In this paper, an initialization method based on the core clusters is used for the locality sensitive k-means clustering. The core clusters can be formed by constructing the σ-neighborhood graph and their centers are regarded as the initial centers of the locality sensitive k-means clustering. To investigate the effectiveness of our approach, several experiments are done on three datasets. Experimental results show that our proposed method can improve the clustering performance compared to the previous locality sensitive k-means clustering.

Urban rail transit is occupying assume an increasingly important role in urban traffic areas as a means of urban public transport. This paper will analyze the various factors impacting the subway fares, and research the relationship between all the factors based on system dynamics, ultimately some suggestions formulated.

With economic development, abundant modes of transport, the quality of people's in demand for travel gradually increases ,and therefore optimizing and improving passenger station service system seems imperative. In order to improve the quality of passenger service, we shall establish a scientific and reasonable evaluation system, through the terminal passenger satisfaction evaluation to determine whether passenger service to make visitors satisfied and propose specific measures to improve service quality for lower service satisfaction. In this paper, Hohhot, as an example, we conducted evaluation studies for passenger station service, and put forward the corresponding improvement suggestions to improve passenger satisfaction, but also proved the feasibility and practicability of the model established in terms of passenger station’s travelers satisfaction evaluation. The study not only can improve the competitiveness of transport companies but also conducive to the future development of the passenger market.

In this paper, a 14-pole HTS filter is successfully designed and developed, which based on the reflected group delay method. The principle, design process, simulation are demonstrated. The filter is fabricated on a MgO substrate with double-sided DyBa2Cu3O7HTS thin films. The filter’s center frequency is 813.5MHz with a bandwidth of 15MHz, the return loss is better than 20dB.

A new campus tracking system to solve the problem of campus thefts based on IoT is presented in this paper. The data of RFID tags was collected by FRID reader and transmitted over short distance by ZigBee. Then the data was transferred to PC, which was connected to ZigBee coordinator node and transferred to the user or administrator through campus network at last. The user or administrator landed tracking system to select items by the entrance guard system or not. Therefor valuables were ensured in security and the thief would be blocked. If the thief forced the goods out entrance guard system, Beidou navigation chip embedded objects would be opened, and goods would be tracked with the Beidou navigation system. Experimental results show that the system can manage campus valuables intelligently.

This paper designs a multi parameter real-time water quality on-line monitoring system for aquaculture water. This system achieves the online monitoring among temperature, turbidity, DO (dissolved oxygen), pH and electrical conductivity. The crosstalk, produced by the simultaneous measurement with DO and pH sensors, will affect accuracy and stability of monitoring results. This paper analyzes the source of crosstalk, describes a circuit model of causing crosstalk, and designs an isolated circuit between powers and signals as well. The experimental results show that, the real-time monitoring of DO and pH has the characteristics of speediness, high precision, small error and low noise.

This paper describes a brief history of the drilling project, a detailed exposition of modern deviation control and drilling fast technology. It is the characteristics analysis and elaboration of the conventional pendulum drill, High WOB Deviation Control, screwdrill and turbodrill. Then, it is pointed out that the most advanced drilling method which is rotary steerable drilling tool, and the ultimate development direction which is intelligent well technology. It is pointed out typical composition and purpose of the intelligent well system.

Oculomotor plant and saccade generator are the basics of the saccadic system. The purpose of this paper is mainly focused on mathematical models of horizontal eye movement system. In this respect, it is presented a model for the mechanics of horizontal eye movement. The oculomotor system is presented incorporates known physiological dynamics and musculotendon complex geometry. Developing muscle strength can be described by a two-component version of the model Hill and consists of a passive and active contractile component. The active component includes force-velocity and force-length characteristics of the muscle. Passive component accounts for elastic and viscous effects. Couple neuronal activation dynamics controls that is appropriate for judder from muscle mechanics.

With the rapidly growing amount of information available, the problem of information overload is always growing acute. Personalized recommendations are an effective way to get user recommendations for unseen elements within the enormous volume of information based on their preferences. The personalized recommendation system commonly used methods are content-based filtering, collaborative filtering and association rule mining. Unfortunately, each method has its drawbacks. This paper presented a personalized recommendation method combining the association rules mining and collaborative filtering. It used the association rules mining to fill the vacant where necessary. And then, the presented approach utilizes the user based collaborative filtering to produce the recommendations. The recommendation method combining association rules mining and collaborative filtering can alleviate the data sparsity problem in the recommender systems.

Image is the unity structure and texture, structure reflects to the contours and the boundaries between different regions in the image, and the texture is a reflection of the details within an area in the image, therefore the optimal restoration effect can not be achieved if structure or texture is considered separately during the process of image restoration. In order to solve the problems above, the corresponding solution proposed in this paper is as follows: first, the structural characteristics of the image to be repaired are obtained by using pulse coupled neural network; then both the textural features and the structural features are taken into consideration simultaneously when it comes to the priority of the image restoration as well as the calculation of the optimal sample block. It can be seen from the experimental results that the algorithm described herein can effectively improve the quality of image restoration.

This paper presents a novel photovoltaic (PV) model for a commercial PV module, which is augmented with an energy balance equation to simultaneously describe cell temperature and PV electricity output characteristics. Having the thermal and electrical characteristics of commercial PV module available from the manufacturer datasheet, the proposed PV model is implemented on the Simulink environment and verified under the standard test condition (STC) and nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) condition. The NOCT verification with a commercial PV module datasheet is first addressed. Through experimental measurement of a commercial PV module in real operation from June 1 to August 31, 2011, the proposed model demonstrates the good estimation performance of both cell temperatures and output electricity characteristics. Comparing with ones of the other methods, the predicted output characteristics of the proposed model have a better agreement with the measured ones of an operating PV module.

This research paper presents the analysis of factor lightning protection for photovoltaic power generation. The question of the safety of lightning protection systems in photovoltaic power generation, especially under severe weather conditions such as thunderstorms. Therefore, a simple model of a photovoltaic power generation was developed, which included the arrangement of a conventional photovoltaic panel. The effect of lightning is also simulated by the pattern of lightning currents. It is also found that the size of the panel mounting structure and the point of lightning conduction induce the induced voltage at the junctions of the photovoltaic panel. Based on the results of the impulse current analysis, the intensity of the lightning current is increasing rapidly. All these factors will be taken into consideration in order to design a protective system.

Coal gangue is a byproduct of mining process, filling the gangue in the road embankment can reduce the pollution caused by the gangue accumulation. Because the formation and type of rock is different, the performance of gangue is different. In this paper, the main types of gangue of Handan & Xingtai coal mining area was taken laboratory test, the mechanical properties and chemical properties of different gangues were compared to determine the feasibility of gangue filling in the road embankment, and the performance law of coal gangue.

Design interface were divided into three levels according to the characteristics of design process. The paper analyzes and give the main reasons which result in design interface. By comprehensive analysis, countermeasures are put forward to solve the design interface from the perspective of the total design institute.

In this paper, subspace identification methods are proposed to estimate the linear tire cornering stiffness, which are only based on the road tests data without any prior knowledge. This kind of data-driven method has strong robustness. In order to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithms, a series of standard road tests are carried out. Comparing with different subspace algorithms used in road tests, it can be concluded that the front tire cornering stiffness can be estimated accurately by the N4SID and CCA methods when the double lane change test data are taken into analysis.

In the present paper we introduce an approach to implementing parallel metaheuristic optimization frameworks which is used in the design of the framework HeO. This experimental cross-platform framework is a collection of popular optimization methods implemented in C++ as algorithmic skeletons. The key feature of the discussed approach is the wide usage of metaprogramming and design patterns which allow to increase the reusability of the code and ease the process of hybrid algorithms construction for the end-user. We consider framework structure and implementation details and provide the results of numerical experiments for some well-known optimization problems.

We present a new method to accurately tracking persons indoors by active RFID technology. To deal with nonlinear measurement model, the EKF(extended Kalman filter) is used to estimate the target trajectory. This paper developed the fusion estimation algorithm for the common indoor tracking problem with the reader at any location and fusion estimation with variable number of multi-sensor system. Simulations show the algorithm developed here can adaptively adjust the model parameter while tracking and obtain good estimation performance for indoor RFID tracking.

By analyzing the oilfield wireless monitoring system, the paper puts forward an oilfield monitoring system framework based on ZigBee wireless sensor networks on basic of studying ZigBee standard communication protocol. Software and hardware of data acquisition and transmission are designed in this system. The fast network and wireless transmission are realized.

This paper proposes an auto-focus method that is based on Ostu segment. The method uses the variance of the two classes of the segment results as the guidance of the auto-focus system. This guidance function responses to wide range of object distance range, it has a strong anti jamming ability and it provides a wide range of the guidance value. The result shows that this method can work well and the time it takes to focus is unconcerned to the position when the focus process starts and it responses to a wide range of object distance.

During the operation, the high speed train will be subject to random vibration load induced by the roughness of the rail and will cause the vibration. Traction motor is critical component of traction system for high-speed train. It is subject to not only static loads, but also random vibration load. This kind of random vibration load may easily lead to fatigue damage of the structure, which will finally cause adversely effect to the motor. Thus, in this paper, a 3-dimension model of the support system of traction motors in high-speed train applications is built, and the static and modal analyses are undertaken using finite element calculation software. The simulation results confirm that the support system is robust enough to meet the design requirements of strength and stiffness. Furthermore, it has a larger margin of safety in a typical case which meets the technical requirements for safe operation of the high-speed train.

The aim in this paper is to analyze tooth surface contact stress and transmission errors, verify existence of tooth end effect and discuss symmetry of symmetrical bevel gear differential (SBGD), etc. With this aim, a 3D elastic FE model of SBGD is established under the ANSYS software environment and its meshing characteristic is determined. Starting from here, by analyzing stress and circumferential displacement of tooth, the phenomena of stress concentration is acquired; the distribution of tooth surface contact stress is studied; tooth end effect is confirmed; transmission error is assessed. The analysis is ended by assessing the symmetry of SBGD. Research results provide valuable guidelines for the design of SBGD. The developing model method proposed in this paper makes it possible to study other complex gear mechanisms such as planetary gear system.

Based on the analysis of 30 provinces ( except Tibet) in China , this paper used the environmental staffs' number, completed industrial pollution abatement investment amount, waste treatment facilities’ number, the three wastes’ comprehensive utilization output value, and harmless waste treatment capacity as input and output index. The paper evaluated the 30 provinces’ environmental management efficiency (except Tibet) in 2008 and 2009 by Data Envelopment Analysis, then analyzed the time series data of the 30 provinces from 2003 to 2009 by Malmquist index. Study finds that overall Chinese environmental management efficiency’s TFP index is 0.942 in 2009, and decreasing year by year. Besides, it shows that technology is dominant factor of restricting Chinese environmental management efficiency, So, we should increase the investment in science and technology as to improve the efficiency. In addition, the environmental management scale’ expansion and structure optimization are also necessary methods of improving the efficiency.

CAN bus communication has been used in a serial protocol for connecting electronic control modules together with its hardware and software design in automotive gauge application. The motivation is to develop a PC-based monitoring system for not only CAN frames received from or sent onto CAN bus, but also data recorded on log files consideration. This paper presents a prototype monitoring system on automotive CAN bus gauge for communication protocol in Ford Mustang. For the proposed CAN bus monitoring system, the designed architecture is discussed and verified into PC for surveillance performance. Furthermore the Ethernet technology adopted in the system makes it a more practical and convenient CAN bus testing system.

Paper presents the modelling of the contact problem in the technological processes. Technological processes were considered as a geometrical and physical boundary and initial value problem, with unknown boundary conditions in the contact zone. An incremental model of the contact problem between movable rigid or elastic body (tool) and elastic/visco-plastic body (object) in updated Lagrange formulation, for spatial states (3D) was considered. The incremental functional of the total energy and variational, non-linear equation of motion and deformation of object on the typical step time were derived. This equation has been discretized by finite element method, and the system of discrete equations of motion of objects was received. For solution of these equations the explicit or implicit methods was used. The applications were developed in the ANSYS/LS-Dyna system, which makes possible a complex time analysis of the states of displacements, strains and stresses, in the workpieces in technological processes. Application of this method was showed for examples the modelling and the analysis of tensile test [1 and technological processes of metal forming [1-.

Allocation of spectrum resource is the key for heterogeneous wireless networks. Taking the differences between different types of access networks available channel bandwidth and the communication requirements of users into consideration on the basis of cognitive heterogeneous network spectrum resource allocation algorithm based on graph coloring theory, this paper introduces bandwidth control parameter and proposes a spectrum resource allocation algorithm based on user needs feedback, which improves the utilization and fairness of system spectrum resources.

The function of large sports facilities is complex as the space center of people assembling and the comprehensive displaying of city image and vitality, the importance is undoubted for the design of large sports facilities in fire prevention and safe evacuation. This paper puts forward the design process of fire prevention and evacuation and the method for reasonable division of fire partition. According to the special requirements of large space evacuation, the new idea of safety exit borrowing and setting the inner ring road is introduced, the design of building fire protection and smoke control area to open space is studied as the main characteristics of the large sports facilities.

This paper describes the investigation of the phase composition of the diffusion zone in the H20N80+AD1 composite material obtained by explosion welding, after heat treatment at 630оС, 75h. The isothermal section of the Al-Cr-Ni state diagram at room temperature is given. Microhardness of diffusion zone layers is measured.

This paper presents an automated visual inspection system, which detects defects of medicines including tablets and capsules in Aluminum-plastic blister packaging. The system operates either in training or inspection mode. In training mode, the images of each type defect-free blister pack are used to extract the model. In inspection mode, the type of an inspected blister pack is determined and the defects of the medicines in the blister pack are detected in real-time. In this system, an improved definition of color histogram is adopted to determine the blister pack type correctly, by calculating the distance of the defined color histograms between the inspected image and each model. The eigenvector is designed, which distance could be used to judge the defects of tablet, while the color feature is utilized to detect the defects of capsule. In addition, an effective image skew correction method based on least squares technique is developed. Experiment results show that the system could effectively inspect typical defects of different tablet and capsule.

High performancesteels (HPS) require low yield ratio, high uniform elongation and high low temperature impact toughness in addition to higher strength. In this paper,experimental steelswere produced by controlled rolling and tempering to meet high performance requirements. Itwasconcluded that experimental steels by controlled rolling and tempering had similar performance with quenched and tempered steel (QT).

PHB (Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate) has been widely in the areas of industrial packaging, pharmacy and agriculture. Currently, its production cost, especially in extraction and purification are high. A moderate halophilic bacterium was used for PHB synthesis and an aqueous extraction method based on osmotic downshock was investigated in this paper to further improve the extraction efficiency. PHB synthesised by moderate halophile with certain NaCl concentration can be released with cell lysis by osmotic downshock. Meanwhile the high temperature, ultrasonic and SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulfate) can enhance the release. After 48 h of fermentation, the production of PHB by Halomonas salina was 6.5 g/L. The extraction rate of PHB was 24.6% with osmotic downshock and 35.4% with additional ultrasonic assistance at 65 °C. A further addition of 0.5% SDS made the extraction rate increase to 75.4%. Thereinto, the addition of 6% NaCl had significantly improved the aqueous extraction rate to 92.3%.

The comprehensive diagnosis method can avoid the unreasonable of single analysis method and inconsistency of various analysis methods. This paper used the method to diagnosis the change-point of Kuyehe flood series. The result is consistent with the hydrological investigated results, which can provide the basis of quantifying the impact of changes of underlying surface conditions on the watershed runoff.

In this paper, building a systematic equation of mathematical model and dynamic variation based on the movement of object falling into water based on the breach parabolic by virtue of the combined means of boundary layer theory and differential equation with the help of computer simulation, this paper further illustrates the features of physical characteristics and its dynamic movement process, which provides a sort of accurate and credible analytical thinking for the similar engineering calculation.

Cooperative innovation is an important way to improve an enterprise’s independent innovation ability. In this paper, an efficiency evaluation index system of cooperative innovation is set up for China’s manufacturing firstly, then a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) clustering model is proposed to classify the cooperative innovation efficiency of each manufacturing industries by pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency separately, finally an empirical study on China’s 28 manufacturing industries is done. Results show that most of China’s manufacturing industries have lower cooperative innovation efficiencies, the lower utilization of science and technology funds at internal payment and industry-university-institute external cooperative payment, and the insufficiency of patent application are the reasons for the lower efficiency in cooperative innovation. Lastly, some suggestions are presented to enterprises, cooperative members and the government for increasing cooperative innovation efficiencies of China’s manufacturing industries.

the seismic intensity and acceleration attenuation relationship of the field were studied used the method of regression and conversion analysis based on its macrograph intensity data in this paper, and the earthquake wave of the field with the 10% exceedance probability in the following 50 years was gained to carry out the dynamic triaxial test with sampled from Xia Da Lu village, Xi Ji county of Ning Xia Province, to research the effect of axes and surround dynamic load ratio, and damnification of loess strength induced by the stochastic seismic wave. The result shown that when the axes and surround dynamic load ratio k with a small value, the change of k could induce the transformation of loess strength limitedly, but along with the accretion of k, the bigger dynamic stress need to produce certain deformation, and if k>1, accompany with the increase of deviatonic stress, the smaller dynamic stress need. In addition, action of earthquake should damnify the framework of loess and reduce its shear strength in condition of lower concretion pressure, and the degree of reducing strength increased with the increase of amplitude of dynamic load, but if the sample in condition of higher concretion pressure, the bigger dynamic load should make the sample denser, produce bigger residual deformation and with higher shear strength.

The subsea connector for manifolds is working in bad conditions. The water environment is harsh. And the inner pressure of the jumper which is connected by the subsea connector is high. In this paper, a new design of metal gasket for the connector is proposed. The metal gasket develops a surface contact with the upper and lower hubs. Under the effect of internal pressure, the seal ring will expand outward to ensure good seal performance. The design has a simple structure, and is easy to manufacture and disassemble .This paper uses the finite element analysis to investigate the gasket’s performance in different working conditions, and provides reference for real tests and the engineering application.

Based on the analysis of the development, defects and motion of present hydraulic system vibrating table, it is divided into several single disciplinary system modes which are organic related in this paper. Establishing unified digital model in integrated simulation environment through analyzing the function of these models, which will guide the design of digital vibration table system.

Tibetan-Chinese named entity extraction is the foundation of cross language information processing, and provides a basis for machine translation and cross language information retrieval research. In this paper, we use the multi-language links of Wikipedia to obtain Tibetan-Chinese comparable corpus, and combine sentence length, word matching and entity boundary words together to get parallel sentence. Then we extract Tibetan-Chinese named entity from the comparable corpus in three ways: (1) Extracting Natural labeling information. (2) Acquiring the links of Tibetan entries and Chinese entries. (3) Using sequence intersection method, which includes the sentence representation, Chinese named entity recognition and corresponding Tibetan sentences intersection. Finally, the results show the extraction method based on comparable corpus is effective.

This paper proposed a new facial feature points localization algorithm based on main characteristics of eyes.Use the result of pupil center position to initialize the model of hybrid improved active shape model (ASM) and active appearance model (AAM). The algorithm will use two-dimensional local gray information to update the feature point position when using ASM to locate the face contour feature points. As to the internal features point location, it establishes facial organs independent AAM model. At the same time, it optimizes measure functions of ASM and AAM to judge the convergence of search algorithm. The experimental results show that the new algorithm greatly improved the localization accuracy of facial feature points.

Ball nose end mills are being extensively used for 3-5 axes milling processes but research is still being conducted on the behavior of this type of tool and on the factors that influence its lifespan. The current paper presents the comparative study results of the tool wear, tool life and machined surface quality when 4 axes milling and 5 axes milling annealed C45 workpiece.

Development of cracks is the most common cause of premature deterioration in structures. For the design of reinforced concrete structures, crack width is one of the most important factors to be considered. It also affects the serviceability of reinforced concrete members. This paper presents the experimental study on crack width evaluation of R.C beams and comparison with various international codes. Following international codes: Eurocode2 1992-1 (2009), Egyptian Code ECP203-2007, ACI Code 318-95, 318-05, BS 8110-1997/IS: 456-2000 was used to calculate the crack width for comparison purpose.

This paper is concerned with the problem of proportional reinsurance control strategy with dividend process in insurance company. The existence of optimal control strategy is proved by variational inequality,and the specific construct of optimal control strategy and the explicit structure of optimal return function are derived.

This paper presents a analytical method to calculate the minimum clamping force to prevent slippage between the workpiece and spherical-tipped fixture elements during milling process. After the contact deformation between the workpiece and spherical-tipped fixture element is determined, the relationships between the workpiece displacement and the contact deformations are obtained. Based on the static equilibrium equations, these equations are combined and linear equations are obtained to calculate the tangential contact forces between the workpiece and spherical-tipped fixture element. According to the maximum tangential contact force, the minimum clamping force to prevent slippage between the workpiece and spherical-tipped fixture elements is calculated. At last, this method is illustrated with a simulation example.

The SACTI model (Seasonal Annual Cooling Tower Impact) as the environmental impact assessment of cooling tower was applied in this paper, which was used to simulate the plume characters under different cooling tower heights. The results showed that the plume length, plume height and plume radius presented noticeable differences with variances of different distances and wind directions under different cooling tower heights. The comparisons of differences of plume characters indicated that the relative change of plume length frequency displayed obvious decreased trend with increased distance when distance was greater than 500m, and that of plume height frequency appeared parabolic curve with increased distance. The relative change of plume radius frequency expressed totally descended trend.

Observability in passive location and tracking system is an important problem. This paper investigates the observability of multi-station time difference measurements system. For a 2D plane N orders movement target, three algorithms, linear system theory, nonlinear system theory and algebraic equations are used to demonstrate the observability of multi-station time difference of arrivals (TDOA) passive location and tracking system. The minimum of observation station and observation number are obtained when the targets are observability.

This paper presents the effect of surface roughness on soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication in circular contact with non-Newtonian lubricant. The time independent modified Reynolds equation, elastic equation and lubricant viscosity equation were formulated for compressible fluid. Perturbation method, Newton-Raphson method, finite different method and full adaptive multigrid method were implemented to obtain the film pressure, film thickness profiles and friction coefficient in the contact region at various the amplitude of surface roughness, surface speed of sphere, modulus of elasticity and radius of sphere. The simulation results showed that the film thickness in contact region depended on the profile of surface roughness. The minimum film thickness decreased but maximum film pressure and friction coefficient increase when the amplitude of surface roughness and modulus of elasticity increased. For increasing surface speeds, the minimum film thickness and friction coefficient increase but maximum film pressure decreases. When radius of sphere increases, the minimum film thickness increases but maximum film pressure and friction coefficient decrease.

This paper establishes the shape function of high-pier with non-ideal boundary conditions in the top and uses the energy method to calculate its critical load. Then its effective length factor is achieved by using Euler's formula. Further, the FEM and energy method are respect used to calculate the effective length factor of the engineering example and comparative analysis is carried on. Results show that: The non-ideal boundary conditions have great influence on the effective length factor and should be considered in the calculation. The result from the formula of energy method is nearly the same as the one from the FEM which demonstrates this method is of good accuracy to calculate the effective length factor of high-pier. In addition, it is also of great convenience in the design of high-piers.