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Tea has been a popular beverage since ancient time and accumulated a great deal of culture. In modern society, tea packaging design attracts a lot of attention. How to reflect the integration of traditional culture and modern culture from the perspectives of shape, pattern and color and cater to consumers needs at home and abroad and make the tea packaging fun has become the key of tea packaging design. The important function of packaging is to attract consumers’ attention and trigger their desire to buy the product. Through the visual design of packaging, it is a vital way to reflect the quality of tea, as well as increase the value of goods. Highlighting the characteristics of tea is the fundamental purpose of packaging. The color, pattern and text attribution are essential element in packaging, meanwhile it conveys the product information. The application of color, pattern and text and other factors in the study make the tea more competitive. It exchanges information between tea and consumer. Good tea packaging can not only improve sales, but also enhance the brand image, and expand spread of traditional tea culture.

Eco-audit is a tool to find the environmental impact of the product across all life cycle stages and for identify the problems in all aspects of a supply chain, from extraction of raw materials to manufacturing, distribution, use and disposal. The purpose of an analysis of a product is to establish the embodied energy, water usage, annual CO2 to atmosphere, carbon foot print, recycle fraction in current supply, toxicity, approximate processing energy and sustainability criteria. Knowledges to guide design decisions are needed to minimize or eliminate adverse eco-impacts. In eco-audit analysis, will be created material charts, processes selection and life cycle analysis allowing alternative design choices to meet the engineering requirements and reduce the environmental impact. The application presented in this paper uses only environmentally friendly properties of Ashby's database.

This paper presents some methods used in the study of pollutant emission and immission (limited to gaseous petroleum products), grouped into a software application PDA V 1.04 (PollutantsDispersionAssessment). It includes: the calculus of the exhaust of pipelines / pressure chambers, specifying the time of discharge; dimensioning of the exhaust stacks for gaseous petroleum products; dimensioning of the flares, including thermal calculation; the calculus of dispersion of pollutants, specifying the immission value at ground level. It was designed especially for the training activity of undergraduates from the Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti (PGUP) Romania with other e-learning and didactic applications, but can be used also, in the field applications

To survive in such an increasingly competitive world, there is a need of continuous improvement in every type of industry. An answer to these challenges for manufacturing companies is the implementation of lean concepts. The importance of short changeover times, SMED, has always been critical for manufacturing companies. It is one of the many lean production methods for reducing waste in the manufacturing process. It's a quick and effective way adjustment process of the actual product to another product. The practical part is focused on usage of SMED in manufacturing. Project was realized in engineering company oriented on machining heavy products. Separating time to external and internal we saved about 10% of total production time. The result is proposal timetable of standard changeover process. Also timetable of two pieces in batch, because insertion two pieces in the batch reduced the total time of production. Total time was reduced of two changeovers.

With more than 4,000,000 units sold worldwide, Toyota Prius represent a successful story in the hybrid electric vehicles industry. The paper presents the economic and social context that led to the development of this new type of car and the evolution of Toyota Prius, which arrive now at the third generation. This spectacular achievement was the result of an impressive R&D effort that led to hundreds of new inventions and innovations. Some of them (engine cycle, battery, hybrid system etc.) are presented in this paper, with emphasis on truly revolutionary solutions for the automotive industry, which clearly distinguishes Toyota Prius from other hybrid vehicles. Besides the innovative character, these solutions offer better environmental and economic performance, but without compromising the well-known Toyota reliability. Toyota Hybrid System receives his confirmation by the prestigious organization TUV Germany, which ranks Toyota Prius first in reliability top in the recent years. We can thus say that besides the economic and ecological advantages Prius has made an important contribution to growth and strengthening Toyota brand, being a truly successful product.

The continuous change of the consumers’ behavior combined with the impact of new technologies to the shop-floor is a challenge for the classic and established line production. Due to the effects of mass-customization there is an increase of the variants of the products combined with a reduction of the number of units per variation. Therefore, it is necessary that the next generations of production lines, especially the assembling devices, have to be designed more adaptable. Regarding to business information systems this trend is realized by a progressive digital integration of the particular units. However, at the physical level of the value stream the sequenced units are linked to each other and arranged flow-orientated since Taylor. Particularly, for mass production the so called “line concept” is well established. This inflexibility of the physical material flow blocks the spread of mass-customization into established industrial sectors where linked manufacturing steps are common use. A product which is very individualized is not, or only with an additional expense, producible on such linked lines. Therefore, it is necessary to resolve the linking of the physical material flow similar to the digital integration of the work flow. The result will be a physically and digitally full-meshed network of production units with a high variability. Especially for a production of goods with a high variant diversity the benefits of a physically meshed production site are obvious. Each part gets its own and individual routing, which depends on the current machine availability, the set-up and other factors. Furthermore, a change of the general conditions during the manufacturing of the part can be considered and lead to an adaption of the routing. One of the most important parts of a flexible physical production network is the transport system, consisting of autonomous and smart entities which are interconnected with business information systems, products and machines.

Energy efficiency of production systems and of the product itself has grown to a critical competitive factor. Besides the manufacturer’s monetary motivation there are increasing incentives to meet customers’ expectations regarding lifecycle cost and the ecological footprint of products. That neo-ecology, as one megatrend, leads to a new business moral resulting in an energy optimization of the whole product life cycle in terms of resource and energy input. There is a plenty of measures to reduce the energy consumption of a production system and thus to increase its efficiency. To do so companies do not have to develop proprietary solutions for their production sites but can draw on a large pool of measures. However, in practice, many energy optimization measures are unknown to their energy managers. This is mainly owing to the fact that there is no standardized categorization for energy optimization potentials yet. In addition, many efficiency deficits remain undetected as a result of a non-existing efficient methodology for finding energy consumption optimization measures. The domain of information retrieval addresses this issue, as it is able to provide documents matching the user’s information demand. Nevertheless, search queries have to be sufficiently well known in order to gain adequate results. In this paper we show how ontologies can be used to support the user in defining search queries and finding optimization measures efficiently. As formal and explicit specifications of shared conceptualizations, ontologies offer the possibility to represent relevant parts of knowledge in a standardized, machine-readable manner. Therefore, ontologies improve upon data models, which are mainly used for single applications. For the purpose of energy efficiency in production environments, we provide both a methodology to build ontologies for describing energy saving measures and illustrate the application for explicit energy efficiency optimization measures.

Currently, when design engineering ensures operational security by fully taking into account reliability studies, it is of primary importance to have an encompassing understanding of the welding processes and all implicit problems that may arise, not only during their implementation phase but also after completion, in order to be able to avoid material losses. It is also necessary to have a full understanding of the imperfections that may occur in welded joints, their causes and the impact they can have on the operating endurance of the products, in order to be able to accurately determine if a product meets the required quality criteria. Thus, the development of software applications which can provide information regarding welding processes may be an important achievement for the education and industry. The software application presented in this paper provides information on the description of welding processes, welding parameters selection and calculation, types of materials and their classification in groups, as well as information about the types of imperfections, their causes, limits of acceptability and non-destructive examination methods for welded joints.

In the paper were analyzed main statistical characteristics of foreign trade for metal-processing industry in Serbia in period of 2008-2014. In order to convey a more comprehensive overview of tendencies as well as changes that appeared in frame of foreign trade we analyzed the dynamics and structure of export and import of individual products and product purpose. Analysis shows that during the observed period some of the trade indicators have improved but the main problems still remain such as high level of deficit and unsatisfactory export structure.

One important purchasing criterion for end customers is the resource consumption of products, which manufacturers aim to reduce through sustainable product designs and optimization of production processes. In order to quantify the resource consumption, in this study the demand of raw materials and operating materials of the selective laser melting process was quantified according to the methodology developed within the initiative Cooperative Effort on Process Emissions in Manufacturing (CO2PE!). The selective laser melting process was selected due to two reasons. First, the process enables lightweight constructions, which offers the potential to reduce the resource consumption during the product use phase. Second, few studies have been published about this process so far which also measure the demand of compressed air and shielding gas apart from the electric energy demand. It was found that the resource demand for the manufactured 0.5 cm3cuboid part amounted to 3.6 kWh electric energy, 0.81 m3compressed air and 0.31 m3Argon. This corresponds to an energy demand of nearly 1000 kWh/kg, though such key performance indicators alone are not very representative for the selective laser melting process, as described below.

The global competitive situation and change to customer market results in shorter product life cycles and high variant diversity as a consequence of customization. Especially in assembly systems the increasing complexity forces manufacturing companies to enhance their flexibility. In manual assembly systems the worker and the use of his cognitive skills provide the required flexibility and knowledge to perform the assembly process efficiently. The presented approach deals with an integrated technology management concept for manual assembly. Thereby, a special focus is set on support technologies which are aimed to support the cognitive skills of the worker. In the first step useful technologies have to be identified on the base of a specific search strategy. As soon as a potential technology is identified, the technology investigation starts. Core element in the concept is an impact analysis to assess the benefit of new support technologies in a specific manual assembly system.

Manufacturing enterprises are currently competing in an environment characterised by shortening product life cycles, an increasing diversity of variants, and an ever-evolving globalisation. The resulting dynamism leads to steadily increasing expectations regarding the logistical performance which have to be met by enterprises in order to remain successful in the market. In this context, schedule reliability is of crucial importance. At the same time, diversity and complexity of value-added processes obscure the interdependency of logistical objectives and the possibilities of influencing them. This is where logistical models help to still describe the correlations. Such a logistical model is developed in this paper. It contributes to calculate the lateness distribution and, thus, the schedule reliability along linear and converging material flows.

Increasing global competition, shrinking product life cycles, and increasing product mix are defining a new manufacturing environment in world markets. This paper presents a case problem using Taguchi Method to find optimum design parameters for a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). A L8 array, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to study performance characteristics of selected manufacturing system design parameters (e.g. layout, AGVs, buffers, and routings) with consideration of product mix demand. Various design and performance parameters are evaluated and compared for the original and the improved FMS. The results obtained by this method may be useful to other researchers for similar types of applications.

Many manufacturers believe building of physical prototypes is a bottleneck that slows down production process and increase production cost. However, since the quest for reality ends up with making real objects, physical prototypes cannot be out-rightly eliminated in product development process. With the advent of rapid prototyping technology (3D printer), manufacturing is now possible at any scale, from units of one to millions, large or small batches. Thus, rapid prototyping is seen as a possible technology for enhancing product development process; especially in small and medium industries that relies on manual production techniques. Hence, this paper investigates the viability of rapid prototyping technology in small and medium industries. With particular reference to ceramic industry, the paper demonstrates how the contemporary technology (Rapid prototyping) can be harmoniously merged with conventional techniques, so as to enhance product quality and reduce development time and cost.

In this paper, the problem of animal feed formulation is addressed. A feed product is comprised of various kinds of raw ingredients. Traditionally, the least cost formulation (LCF) approach is used in the feed industry to determine the optimal blend of the feed ingredients based on nutritional requirements and raw material costs. LCF, however, does not consider the production cost. In practice, a wide variety of raw ingredients may require different levels of production load. For example, feed ingredients with high amount of fiber content may reduce the pelleting production rate, leading to high production cost. The main focus of this study is the development of a mathematical model to find an optimal blend of the feed ingredients with an objective to minimize the overall cost consisting of raw material cost, production cost, and opportunity cost. Multiple linear regression equations are used to estimate the production rate that depends on the fat and the fiber contents in the feed mix and the durability index of the feed pellet. The results indicated that the proposed method is more beneficial than traditional LCF and applicable to the feed industry.

Restructuring of electricity supply industry had begun in early 20th centuries. Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry (MESI) has aimed to change its structure to a wholesale market model in 2005. Started in 1992, Independent Power Producers (IPPs) were introduced and since then MESI had applied the Single Buyer Model until today. Even though, the Single Buyer Model had passed several process of evolution, it still a form of imperfect competition in which there is only one buyer and many sellers of a product. Therefore, other alternatives of electricity market model for MESI have been proposed, in order to carry on the MESI previous plan towards restructuring. This paper discusses three electricity market models; Single Buyer Market Model, Pool Market Model and Hybrid Market Model. The case study is carried out to compare the three market models in term of generation revenue. Data from 14 IPP and load profiles in MESI is used for the case study and the result will be discussed.

Progressive replacement of traditional tools with intelligent technological equipment becoming more complex is one of the most important aspects of the development of production processes in all industrial fields. Intelligent measurement and integrated dimensional control are needed to ensure the quality of the product or industrial manufacturing process, whatever the field. Because the automotive industry is one of the most important industries in the world, manufacturing systems engineering, control methods and techniques, and assurance of quality, present particular interest by the economic results, in particular the reduction of working time and production costs. In a perfect world or in an integrated production environment, the new 3D measurement systems, by providing the quality control integrated into the production line would be able to measure all the necessary parameters in a single step, without errors and render the results in the same way to the manufacturing networks with computers, in formats useful for CNC machines control and process management.

The selection of a manufacturing method for developing new products with optimal quality, minimal cost in the shortest time possible is a important phase of the industry. This paper uses artificial neural network to facilitate for product manufacturing method selection. Initially, general sorting is employed to select an initial product platform. Then using repertory grids method, designers contribute importance ratings to the design options. These ratings are employed to reduce the number of the derived design options, and thereby used as input data to a neural network. The neural network is then trained by using Levenberg-Marquart Algorithm in Mat lab software. The trained neural network is applied to classify the set of options into different patterns. The classification results can subsequently serve as base for the screening of preferred manufacturing options.

Wind Turbine Industry is always seeking to improve and better its product options to its customers. One way of doing so is by bettering and optimizing its existing product offerings. The structural support component of a Wind Turbine Generator, which is approximately 15% of the total wind turbine cost and includes the tower and rotor yaw mechanism. It is possible to both discreetly increase the strength of the platforms and reduce its overall cost in terms of material costs by selecting suitable alternate material. The new platform is tested for stability under practical loading conditions by the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS software. The aim of the project is to minimize the cost and weight of the Service platform by 15-18% without compromising on its structural integrity interfaces.

The wide variety of customers’ needs as well as the rapid change of these, increasingly requires the transition from mass produced products to customized product manufacturing that meet the individual needs of clients with consequence for the products design process. This paper present the core ideas of the mass customized and unique products design process, tools that can be used by designers in product design process and not least a customized design methodology intended to be used in order to design customized products. The design methodology for customized products emphasizes on action that must be taken, tools that can be used and results of each design steps.

A diversity of techniques and practices in Lean Production (LP) as a tool for cultivating a culture of continuous improvement has successfully produced a holistic approach in achieving a high level of sustainability in manufacturing. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the current performance of manufacturing sustainability in manufacturing industry in Malaysia, and the contribution of Lean in manufacturing sustainability. The findings show that manufacturing industry in Malaysia has a high sustainability in social competency, followed by economic and environmental competency. Even though the environmental sustainability is ranked lowest, the result reveals that aiming to have better control in environment and labour safety is crucial in producing high quality products. In addition, the correlation analysis reveals that this situation has a high relation to the adoption of Lean in production operations. A high competency in adapting Lean does not just increase the manufacturing efficiency, but also has a substantial influence in producing a sustainable product. This indicates that Lean is not just suitable in fulfilling the manufacturing function, but has the potential to be adapted comprehensively, primarily in achieving high manufacturing sustainability.

The aim of this paper is to explore how manufacturers becoming service providers by adding service offerings to their total offering. We investigate the extent to which existing internal capablity of manufacturing companies and external factors affect the level of servitization. This paper presents the state-of-the art of servitization within a manufacturing context. Our findings indicate a need for recursive iterations between different elements of separated and integrated processes in line with new business model. Thus, servitization is pozitiviley related to business model and product complexity. There is a need to improve the connective mechanisms and dynamics involved in business model development. Finally, this paper contributes to the development and rafinement of the process to shift from selling products to selling integrated products and services that deliver value in use for customers.

Nowadays, manufacturing high product variety is essential for manufacturing companies in order to be sustainable in a volatile market. However, maintaining a shorter lead time in manufacturing operations is also crucial as the speed delivery becomes one of the manufacturing competitive priorities. Motivated by this issue, this study aims to develop a model of Time Loss (TL) for sub-assembly processes in automotive industry. In relation to this, critical elements of TL will be clearly justified through a thorough analysis of literature study in the aspects of Man, Machine, Method, and Material (4M). In this study, the critical elements of TL is defined as an unnecessary activity that needs to be eliminated or minimized. The relationships between the critical elements of TL are clarified through the flow of activities involved in the concept of manufacturing input-output. Finally, the critical elements of TL are compared to the existing non-financial manufacturing performance measures presented in isolated models (e.g. leanness, agility, responsiveness, etc.). Results of the analysis show that the critical elements of TL can be represented as a holistic performance measure of manufacturing operations that includes leanness, agility, fitness, responsiveness, flexibility, and sustainability.

Machining can be performed on virtually all solid materials even though the term commonly applies to the cutting of metals, alloys, plastics and woods. Machining is a mechanical process where excess material from a work piece can be removed by cutting action to produce a part of specified geometrical shape and surface finish. In this research we will analyze and investigate whether there is a possibility to use the palm oil based bio wax material for machining applications. At the moment different ferrous, non-ferrous materials and industrial blue wax have been used for prototype models, training purpose by different industries, educational and training organizations. However the price of such material is very expensive. Hence an attempt is made to substitute these material by the palm oil based bio wax produced in Malaysia. With it, engineers can generate prototype to evaluate even minor design changes without breaking the budget. To the best of researcher’s knowledge, no previous work has been carried out nationally or worldwide on the use of palm oil based bio wax material in the manufacture of a strong industrial wax. This research work gives the approaches taken in this direction.

In this paper, the virtual environment of the production line is built by object-oriented software, Plant Simulaiton, as the development platform. The significance of this analysis is to find the bottleneck problem in the production line, and design recommendations for improvement, improve manufacturing efficiency and total product. The analysis can provide evidence to make their own decisions for managers. At the same time, we studied about modeling of AGV and material handling automation simulation using a virtual AGV.

Submission materials are the main manufacturing operation in the industry. It largely determines the quality parameters of products. Mechanization and automation of bulk material supply operation in the process eliminates human error and improves the product quality. This work was aimed at finding technical solutions that the reduction of specific energy consumption and enhance the reliability of the vibrating and pneumatic feeders. The article describes the developed the authors vibratory and pneumatic feeders.

This paper describes how to realize the virtual jewelry worn system based on ARToolkit technology. This technology can help consumers experience the jewelry worn on his body effect before receive the actual product, it can enrich people's online shopping experience. Augmented Reality technology lets online shoppers use the virtual goods to resolve the gap is larger between apparel goods and photos of them.

Based on management theory of the manufacture and execution system (MES), a method of mechanical processing workshop production schedule management was discussed. The concrete planning was realized to manage the workshop production schedule by using the bar code technology. The system can increase product assembly query sub module, query information of one or more parts missing in equipment product.

This paper aims to compare benefits of Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) system and Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) system based on (R,Q) inventory strategy. Four-stage supply chain models that are simulated by system dynamics (SD) methods will be used to support the comparison. In addition, factors of total cost for the whole supply chain (TSC) and product fill rate (fr) can assist to evaluate simulation models. The results of this study indicate that benefits and flexibility of CPFR appear to be higher than VMI under (R, Q) strategy, and key parameters have significant impacts on TSC of the two systems.

The aim of this paper is to propose and demonstrate the use of an index for ranking investment in production equipment within manufacturing companies. The construction of the index takes into account multiple criteria and relies on a data envelopment analytical model; some of those criteria are the environmental impacts and product quality. An application to a major Cuban heat interchange battery company is included in the paper in order to better illustrate the use of the proposed tool.

With the development of global industrial, electromechanical products enterprises create wealth for the mankind at the same time, but also consume a lot of resources, and cause serious environmental pollution. In the design stage, enterprises must consider to prevent environmental pollution, to save resources and energy. The whole life cycle of electromechanical product refers to design, manufacturing, transportation, sales, use, and recycling etc. Protection resources and environment is the whole life cycles core. Green design is from cradle to cradle. The technologies of green design are different from the traditional design which is only pay attention to function. It is not only to meet the needs of the people and solve the problem for the traditional starting point for the design, but also must to consider the use of natural resources, reduces types and quantities of pollutants, effective reuse, and reasonable cost of materials.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology introduces the way of automated data collection, and processing to improve accuracy of processed data. In the present time possibilities in development and application of RFID technologies are almost limitless. Increasing expansion of RFID technology in almost any industry, where the RFID tag can be put on any product or material or component is an evidence of the previous assertion. Apart from technical aspects, i.e. security, the financial effect of the RFID technology implementation is also relevant in rail freight transport. Using this technology to keep records of technical condition of the wagons can be avoided a huge disaster caused by lack of knowledge about technical condition of the wagon. It can bring the return of initial investment and cost reduction.

In recent years, with the rapid development of economy in Chinese society, the mechanical manufacturing technology is increasingly maturing and requirements for the product quality and product precision is becoming higher and higher, so the development of mechanical manufacturing technology and high precision machining technology has been widely concerned by the relevant departments. According to the actual development of the modern machinery manufacturing technology and the high precision machining technology, on the basis of the principle of mechanical manufacturing, the characteristics of mechanical manufacturing technology and high precision machining should be analyzed thoroughly, meanwhile, the performance of the mechanical manufacturing process and high precision machining technology should be improved, thus, it can provide more theoretical basis and technical guidance for the development of mechanical manufacturing industry.

The variation on the product functional parameter has been shown to cause potential failures. These potential failures may not be caught in production line, but become the reason of customer complaints. To enable the development of robust method to detect variation, this work explores the possible sign from the data of sector reports and transforms the questioned data to the variation by Six Sigma Methodology. The key techniques of DMAIC, MVA, SPC and RSMDOE are utilized. The method is designed with three phases: firstly it is to analyze the data from the sector report to detect the peculiar value. Then the performance is evaluated to identify the variation. In the last step the issue related to the variation is solved by design optimization. The method is evaluated in the manufacturing site with the material consumption data, and the excessive 20% consumption caused by the variation is saved, which demonstrates this variation detection method is in feasible and efficient manner for quality management.

The research and practical use of data and data-mining in production environment is still at an early stage. Although almost every manufacturing company collects a lot of process and product related data they often do neither use nor deploy this data in order to optimize or even analyze their production processes. The acquisition of process data brings several advantages. On the one hand the implicit knowledge is permanently stored and on the other hand it is possible to learn from previous process failures. The acquired knowledge could then be applied to all future production tasks. Although many research activities can be observed since the late 90s, none of them managed the transfer to practical usage. In order to encourage the practical transfer of data-mining in production environment this paper presents a metrology-based test set-up and therewith arising challenges when consistently acquiring and processing inhomogeneous process, product and machine data. For the experimental set-up, on-machine metrology systems were developed and integrated into a 5-axis milling machine to gain much significant data.

Background on two stages green supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, considering the degree of risk aversion and product greenness, consumer preferences and other factors, the centralized decision-making game model and manufacturer-leading Stackelberg game model are established.Then two game models are compared. The interaction of product greenness, wholesale price, product price,and risk aversion utility for manufacturers and retailers are also disscussed. Finally, the revenue sharing contract is applied to coordinate the green supply chain . The results show that:(1) In the centralized decision-making model, there is a critical value of the product green degree; (2)In manufacturer-leading Stackelberg game model, the higher the green degree of the product, the higher the manufacturer's wholesale price,and the wholesale price increases as risk aversion degree of manufacturers improves;(3)The revenue sharing contract can coordinate this type of green supply chain under manufacturers risk-averse.

In this paper, the status of the farmers’ decentralized supply chain production mode were analyzed and the current causes of low efficiency in the agricultural supply chain is presented from the perspective of market risk control mode of agricultural product supply chain. Innovation in the integration of agricultural production chain and supply chain management of agricultural products based on the characteristics of the circulation of agricultural products as well as the balance of relationship between production and demand.

This paper mainly talked about all behavior chain service in the telecom industry and proposed that all-behavior-chain competition was an effective strategy to cope with the new competitions in the market. All behavior, omni-channel and industry-wide are the major features of all behavior chain. Telecom industry serves as a key component of national economy, and the core competition among China’s three operators remains to be product homogeneity. Meanwhile, the resource complementary and network sharing of them will become a vital channel to develop stocked customers’ value in the telecom industry.

A large number of empirical studies show that, trade will have an impact on the domestic income gap. In turn, the gap will affect the intra industry trade? This is a problem worth thinking and research.The optimization of the trade structure has important practical significance on promotion of foreign trade competitiveness in china. In view of our city typical characteristics of rural economic structure, and since twentieth Century 90 years, expanding speed of urban income gap degree has been more than rural areas, coupled with the proportion of the increasing urban population, the importance of the income gap between urban internal, become the structural factors of widening the income gap, this paper focuses on effects of urban income gap on intra industry trade. This article empirically tests the impact of Chinese urban income gap on the industrial finished product intra-industry trade level base on Johansen Co-integration Test, finding that the urban income gap improves the industrial finished product intra-industry trade level in the long term.

Establishing enterprise web page in the field of multimedia is a direct route to consumer, we can get more product information, can add more value to the brand of the enterprise. When Web Pages successfully are established, it can increase the new value of enterprise historic brand, modern web design is an effective way of accessing to consumer information.

This study aims to investigate the multidimensional and individual relationship between manufacturing flexibility and operational performance in manufacturing SMEs. A survey methodology was followed to collect data pertaining to the phenomena of manufacturing flexibility and operational performance in the SMEs using a single respondent design. The results provided evidence that manufacturing flexibility is positively and significantly associated with operational performance; suggesting that more flexible manufacturing system is equivalent to the higher operational performance. In addition, the results highlighted the important role of machine flexibility, product flexibility, volume flexibility, routing flexibility, and labor flexibility in improving the operational performance. Each of them contributed not equally, but positively, to all dimensions of operational performance. The findings aim at contributing towards understanding the manufacturing flexibility dimensions that give rise to operational performance. Keywords: manufacturing flexibility, operational performance; manufacturing SMEs

Even though the share of the production machine’s environmental impact might be negligible compared to the product’s own use phase, the environmental impact at the factory site of is potentially significant. Thus, this article presents a contribution for the life cycle oriented evaluation of costs and resource efficiency applied in procurement of a production machine.

The innovation process is a sequence of activities that carry out a company's management to produce new products and services for sale. At the same time, the category of innovation processes includes, market expansion activities, and improvement of: supply functionality, production processes, equipment maintenance, distribution channels, service and, last but not least, the perfectioning of the company's administrative and management activities. In this study we aimed to analyze the innovation strategy of firms in the industry in the county of Alba. As a research method we used a questionnaire-based survey. The data collected were subjected to a quantitative analysis. In specialized literature four types of innovation are conventionally defined : product innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation and organizational innovation. Product and process innovation are closely related to the concept of technological innovation and are the categories covered in this step. From the study's result we can see that innovation is a strategic priority for managers of industry in Alba County. They believe that the most important skills for innovation is the ability to anticipate the market's development, to attact innovative people and to develope new innovative technologies.

Bandung State Polytechnic for Manufacturing (POLMAN), as a high education vocational institution, implements certain portion of practical program in its workshop that aimed to build students skill competencies. For those, product media are created from structured exercises and combined with external inquiries from collaboration with industrial parties, through a system called Production Based Education (PBE). Completing the ‘job shop’ products that students are doing daily, Bench Vice as one of standard product in Polman is treated as ‘batch product’ due to its appropriated characteristic. The idea of Material Requirements Planning (MRP) method for Bench Vice handling is implemented in order to get most beneficial either for students, lecturers and institution. Since the common MRP and other control functions influence each other related with capacity and schedule, simplified MRP for Bench Vice is developed as a learning media for all involved parties in organization.

Storage control reverse logistics supply chain can be divided into two categories: when the product is in mature period, the market demand is relatively stable, which belongs to the deterministic inventory control; when the goods in the import period or a recession, demand is uncertain, which belongs to the random inventory control, The paper studied the supply chain of reverse logistics inventory control strategy under the condition of processing cycle and the ordering cycle can be consistent, by which not consider the production time model and the uniform production of two model, to obtain the optimal strategy.

Any product must be viewed from an environmental perspective, starting with the raw materials used for its generating to final disposal, including going out of use of the product, namely along its entire life cycle.Life cycle analysis consists of collecting necessary data and information (materials, consumption of energy and natural resources) to obtain the product, resources and consumption recorded during its use, the disassembly of product in components and the analysis of recovery processes, the identify of impacts on the environment which appear after the going out of use of product.After the going out of use of auto batteries it is aimed their recovery in order to capitalize and to recycle its components. The capitalization and recycling of auto battery is made by S.C. Rebat Copsa Mica S.A., which has as activity aim, the extracting of lead and other raw materials, through a complex technological process.Given that approximately 800 of these auto batteries of 12V-52Ah type, produced by S.C. Rombat S.A., are coming monthly from Bacau County and from its surrounding areas, the authors of the paper make a modeling of end-of-life, using specialized software Sima Pro 7. They make also an identification of impacts on environmental that occur during this period and they make recommendations and propose ways to reduce these results of impacts.

under the strategy of invigorating western provinces and autonomous regions with industrialization impetus, nonferrous metallurgy industry scale in Gansu expands unceasingly; Technology and equipment improve constantly;Industry integration trend becomes obvious. From the view of industrial competitiveness, non-ferrous metallurgy industry and mineral resources in Gansu has a comparative advantage in the country, the comprehensive advantages of leading enterprises is obvious, but there are also some problems,such as product structure contradiction, low resources and energy utilization rate,the hign pressure of energy conservation and emissions reduction. Then author put forward non-ferrous metallurgy industry development strategy: to extend the industry chain, optimize the product structure; to increase investment in research and development, to increase innovation capacity ; to adjust the organization structure,to realize the production of industrial cluster; to promote cleaner production, to realize circulation economy and so on.

Various sustainable developments and related matters have been accomplished [1-11, etc]. Sustainable development achievements enhance a balance between society, environment and economy conditions. This paper presents the relevant characteristics of different existing sustainable development projects, as support for the completion of new, innovative sustainable development achievements, selection criteria and building up a database system. The design, production, commercialization, use, recovering of a product, service or system must be achieved so that to satisfy the developer, producer and user needs i.e. to be multifunctional, with recycled components, resource-efficient, eco-friendly, easy to use, reusable, recyclable etc, by case.

The current situation of environmental protection clothes under low-carbon economy era is analyzed, and the design methods of environmental protection clothes are discussed by starting from three elements of clothing design: clothing styles, materials and colors. On the one hand, the damage of clothing production to the environment will be solved; on the other hand, long-term sound development of the industry will be realized. To realize the change of clothing product from the aspect of design, so as to gradually change the production modes, further to make it fit the requirement of environmentalism.

Contract phone card is a kind of special product with follow-up service. For this particular product, we designed a revenue sharing contract for communication operator, based on a research of product pricing and ordering problem about communication operator and its sales agent. The contract will encourage the sales agent to improve the quantity of cards and achieve the purpose of increasing the number of users, by sharing a certain proportion of fixed subsequent earnings to the sales agent. Then, we used CVaR risk measurement tools to study pricing and ordering problem of sales agent in the revenue sharing contract. The results show that appropriate sharing factor could achieve the optimal coordination between communication operator and its tier-one agent, and maximize the benefit of the supply chain.